Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Principal components analysis of potential sources of polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxin and dibenzofuran residues in surficial sediments from Newark Bay, New Jersey

  • Published:
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) measured in surficial sediments from the lower Passaic River and Newark Bay, New Jersey, USA, were compared to those reported in various industrial process residues and effluents, contaminated soils, chemical formulations, and municipal waste disposal activities that are known or suspected to be sources of these compounds in the aquatic environment. Comparisons were conducted using data from published literature to determine whether the composition of tetra through octachlorinated congeners and 2,3,7,8-substituted residues reported in a broad range of potential environmental sources could explain the presence of these compounds in Newark Bay. Pattern similarities and differences between congener groups and isomers were obtained by principal components analysis. The congener and isomer fingerprint patterns found in surficial sediments appear to be the result of releases from several industrial and municipal sources commonly found in heavily industrialized and populated urban environments, including municipal sewage sludge, municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash, pentachlorophenol, sodium pentachlorophenate, newsprint, scrap metal reclamation incinerators, combustion engines, and pulp and paper mill black liquor recovery furnaces. The variations among the PCDD and PCDF residue and congener patterns were largely explained by the distributions of the hexa- and octachlorinated compounds and by 2,3,7,8,-TCDD, 2,3,7,8,-TCDF, and the penta-substituted isomers. Although it has been claimed that a single industrial source is responsible for the presence of these compounds in the sediments of Newark Bay, the available evidence indicates that the vast majority of the PCDDs and PCDFs are the result of contributions from several industries. There is no evidence from this analysis to indicate that a single source is responsible for the contamination.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amendola G, Barna D, Blosser R, La Fleur L, McBride A, Thomas F, Tiernan T, Whittemore R (1989) The occurrence and fate of PCDDs and PCDFs in five bleached kraft pulp and paper mills. Chemosphere 18:1,181–1,188

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonsson AB, Runmark S, Mowrer J, Kjeller L-O 1989 Dioxins in the work environment in steel mills. Chemosphere 19:699–704

    Google Scholar 

  • Arthur MA, Frea JI (1989) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin: Aspects of its important properties and its potential biodegradation in soils. J Environ Qual 18:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K, Buchert H, Niemczyk R, Munder A and Swerev M (1986) Automobile exhausts versus municipal-waste incineration as sources of the polychloro-dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and -furans (PCDF) found in the environment. Chemosphere 15:901–915

    Google Scholar 

  • Belton TJ, Hazen R, Ruppel BE, Lockwood K, Mueller R, Stevenson E, and Post JJ (1985) A Study of Dioxin (2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) Contamination in Select Finfish, Crustaceans, and Sediments of New Jersey Waterways. Office of Science and Research, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ, p 101

    Google Scholar 

  • Bingham AG, Edmunds CJ, Graham BWL, Jones MT (1989) Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in car exhaust. Chemosphere 19: 669–673

    Google Scholar 

  • Bopp R (1988) Dioxins in Newark Bay. In: Annual Report, LamontDoherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University. Columbia Univ, NY, pp 8–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Bopp RF, Gross ML, Tong H, Simpson HJ, Monson SJ, Deck BL, Moser FC (1991) A major incident of dioxin contamination: Sediments of New Jersey estuaries. Environ Sci Technol 25: 951–956

    Google Scholar 

  • Broman D, Naf C, Rolff C, Zebuhr Y (1990) Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) in soil and digested sewage sludge from Stockholm, Sweden. Chemosphere 21:1,213–1,220

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchert H, Ballschmiter K (1986) Polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDF) and -dioxins (PCDD) as part of the general pollution in environmental samples of urban areas. Chemosphere 15:1,923–1,926

    Google Scholar 

  • Buck M, Kirschmer P (1988) Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in outdoor air of North Rhine-Westphalia. Toxicol Environ Chem 16:173–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Christmann W, Kloppel KD, Partscht H, Rotard W (1989a) PCDD/PCDF and chlorinated phenols in wood preserving formulations for household use. Chemosphere 18:861–865

    Google Scholar 

  • Christmann W, Kasisk D, Kloppel KD, Partscht H, Rotard W (1989b) Combustion of polyvinylchloride — An important source for the formation of PCDD/PCDF. Chemosphere 19:387–392

    Google Scholar 

  • —, —, —, — (1989c) Tetrachlorobenzoquinones, a source of PCDD/PCDF. Chemosphere 18:789–792

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement RE, Tosine HM, Ali B (1985) Levels of polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins and dibenzofurans in wood burning stoves and fireplaces. Chemosphere 14:815–819

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement RE, Tashior C, Suter S, Reiner E, Hollinger D (1989) Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and dibenzofurans (CDFs) in effluents and sludges from pulp and paper mills. Chemosphere 18:1,189–1,197

    Google Scholar 

  • Creaser CS, Fernandes AR, Harrad SJ, Cox EA (1990) Levels and sources of PCDDs and PCDFs in urban British soils. Chemosphere 21:931–938

    Google Scholar 

  • Czuczwa JM, Hires RA (1984) Environmental fate of combustiongenerated polychlorinated dioxins and furans. Environ Sci Technol 18:444–450

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vault D, Dunn W, Bergqvist P-A, Wiberg K, Rappe C (1989) Polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in Great Lakes fish: A baseline and interlake comparison. Environ Toxicol Chem 8:1,013–1,022

    Google Scholar 

  • Darskus R, Schlesing H (1989) Levels of polychlorinated dioxins and furans in sewage sludge. Proc Int Dioxin Conf, pp 1–6

  • Dunn WJ, Stalling DL, Schwartz TR, Hogan JW, Petty JD, Johansson E, Wold S (1984) Pattern recognition for classification and determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental samples. Anal Chem 56:1,308–1,313

    Google Scholar 

  • Evers EHG, Ree KCM, Olie K (1988) Spatial variations and correlations in the distribution of PCDDs, PCDFs and related compounds in sediments from the River Rhine-Western Europe. Chemosphere 17:2,272–2,288

    Google Scholar 

  • Evers EHG, van Berghem JW, Olie K (1989) Exploratory data analysis of PCDD and PCDF measurements in sediments from industrial areas. Chemosphere 19:459–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Finley B, Weaning RJ, Ungs M, Huntley S, Paustenbach DJ (1990) PCDDs and PCDFs in surficial sediments from the Lower Passaic River and Newark Bay. Proc Int Dioxin Conf, pp 409–415

  • Firestone D, Ress J, Brown NL, Barron RP, Damico JN (1972) Determination of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and related compounds in commercial chlorophenols. J Assoc Offic Anal Chem 55:85–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Gizzi F, Reginato R, Benfenati E, Fanelli R (1982) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) in emissions from an urban incinerator I. Average and peak values. Chemosphere 11:577–583

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez MJ, Jimenez B, Fernandez M, Hernandez LM (1991) PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs in soil samples from uncontrolled burning of waste electrical material for metal reclamation. Toxicol Environ Chem 33:169–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagenmaier H, Berchtold A (1986) Analysis of waste from production of Na-pentachlorophenolate for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF). Chemosphere 15:1,991–1,994

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagenmaier H (1986) Determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in commercial chlorophenols and related products. Fresenius Z Anal Chem 325:603–606

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagenmaier H, Brunner H, Haag R, Berchtold A (1986) PCDDs and PCDFs in sewage sludge, river and lake sediments from South West Germany. Chemosphere 15:1,421–1,428

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrad SJ, Fernandes AR, Creaser CS, Cox EA (1991a) Domestic coal combustion as a source of PCDDs and PCDFs in the British environment. Chemosphere 23:255–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrad SJ, Malloy TA, Khan MA, Goldfarb TD (1991b) Levels and sources of PCDDs, PCDFs, chlorophenols (CPs) and chlorobenzenes (CBzs) in composts from a municipal yard waste composting facility. Chemosphere 23:181–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Heindl A, Hutzinger O (1987) Search for industrial sources of PCDD/ PCDF: III. Short-chain chlorinated hydrocarbons. Chemosphere 16:1,949–1,957

    Google Scholar 

  • —, — (1987) Search for industrial sources of PCDD/PCDFs: IV. Phthalocyanine dyes. Chemosphere 18:1,207–1,211

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt GT, Maisel BE (1990) Atmospheric PCDDs/PCDFs in wintertime in a northeastern U.S. urban coastal environment. Chemosphere 20:1,455–1,462

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutzinger O, Blumich MJ, van den Berg M, Olie K (1985) Sources and fate of PCDDs and PCDFs: An overview. Chemosphere 14:581–600

    Google Scholar 

  • Jan J, Buser HR 1989. Formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins on heating lindane in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Chemosphere 19:1,163–1,164

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamgochian CL, Keller LE (1987) National dioxin study tier 4 - combustion sources, final test report - site 8 black liquor boiler BLB-C (450/4084-014q). US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller LE, Knisley DR, Jonglaux RF (1987) Site 4 black liquor boiler BLB-A (450/4-84-014m). US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirschmer P (1987) Messung von PCDD/PCDF-immissionen in Nordheim-Westfalen. VDI Ber 634:145–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjeller L-O, Kulp S-E, Bergek S, Bostrom M, Bergquist P-A, Rappe C, Jonsson B, de Wit C, Jansson B, Olsson M (1990) Levels and possible sources of PCDD/PCDF in sediment and pike samples from Swedish lakes and rivers, (part one). Chemosphere 20:1,489–1,496

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjeller L-O, Jones KC, Johnston AE, Rappe C (1991) Increases in the polychlorinated diobenzo-p-dioxin and -furan content of soils and vegetation since the 1840's. Environ Sci Technol 25:1,619–1,627

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuehl DW, Butterworth BC, De Vita WM, Sauer CP (1987) Environmental contamination by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans associated with pulp and paper mill discharge. Biomed Environ Mass Spectro 14:443–447

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuykendal WB, Lamason WH, Miles AJ, Keating MH (1989) Ash data from combustion sources: Results of Tier 4 of the National Dioxin Study. Chemosphere 18:1,227–1,234

    Google Scholar 

  • Marklund S, Anderson R, Tysklind M, Rappe C, Egeback KE, Bjorkman E, Grigoriadis V (1990) Emissions of PCDDs and PCDFs in gasoline and diesel fueled cars. Chemosphere 20:553–561

    Google Scholar 

  • Massart DL, Kaufman L (1983) The interpretation of analytical chemical data by the use of cluster analysis. In: Elving PJ, Winefordner JD (eds) Chemical analysis: A series of monographs on analytical chemistry and its applications. John Wiley & Sons, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormick JM, Hires RI, Luther GW, Cheng SL (1983) Partial recovery of Newark Bay, NJ, following pollution abatement. Mar Pollut Bull 14:188–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta BM, Ahlert RC, Yu SL (1975) Stochastic variation of water quality of the Passaic River. Water Resour Res 11:300–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerson AL, Luther GW, Krajewski J, Hires RI (1981) Heavy metal distribution in Newark Bay sediments. Mar Pollut Bull 12:244–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyato H, Takayma K, Ogaki J, Kashimoto T (1988) Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in typical urban incinerators in Japan. Toxicol Environ Chem 16:203–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller JA, Gerrish TA, Casey MC (1982) Contaminant Inputs to the Hudson-Raritan Estuary. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Technical memorandum OMPA-21, Boulder, CO. August

  • Muto H, Saito K, Shinada M, Takizawa Y (1991) Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from chemical manufacturers and waste disposal facilities. Environ Res 54:170–182

    Google Scholar 

  • New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy (NJDEPE). 1989. Status report on the hazardous waste management program in New Jersey - Site specific information. Hazardous Waste Management Program, Trenton, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Norstrom A, Rappe C, Lindahl R, Buser H-R (1979) Analysis of some older Scandinavian formulations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 2,4,5,-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid for contents of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Scand J Work Environ Health 5:375–378

    Google Scholar 

  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1988) Pilot Study on International Information Exchange on Dioxins and Related Compounds. Formation of Dioxins and Related Compounds in Industrial Processes. Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society, Report No. 173, August

  • Norwood CB, Hackett M, Pruell RJ, Butterworth BC, Williamson KJ, Naumann SM (1989) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in selected estuarine sediments. Chemosphere 18:553–560

    Google Scholar 

  • Oehme M, Bartonova A, Knutzen J (1990) Estimation of polychlorinated dibenzofuran and dibenzo-p-dioxin contamination of a coastal region using isomer profiles in crabs. Environ. Sci. Technol 24:1,836–1,841

    Google Scholar 

  • Oehme M, Larssen S, Brevik EM (1991) Emission factors of PCDD and PCDF for road vehicles obtained by tunnel experiment. Chemosphere 23:1,699–1,708

    Google Scholar 

  • Palazzolo MA, Kelly WE, Holder D (1987) National Dioxin Study Tier 4—combustion sources, final test report—Site 5 Black Liquor Boiler BLB-B (450/4-84-014n). US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitea D, Todeschini R, Lasagni M, Moro G, Bonati L, Chiesa G (1989a) The combustion of municipal solid wastes: PCDD and PCDF in MSW and in emissions. A chemometric approach. Chemosphere 19:751–757

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitea D, Bonati L, Lasagni M, Moro G, Todeschini R, Chiesa G (1989b) The combustion of municipal solid wastes and PCDD and PCDF emissions. Part 1. PCDD and PCDF in MSW. Chemosphere 18:1,457–1,464

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitea D, Lasagni M, Bonati L, Moro G, Todeschni R, Chiesa G (1989c) The combustion of municipal solid wastes and PCDD and PCDF emissions. Part 2. PCDD and PCDF in stack gases. Chemosphere 18:1,465–1,474

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitea D, Cosentino U, Lasagni M, Moro G, Todeschini R, Chiesa G (1989d) The combustion of municipal solid wastes and PCDD and PCDF emissions. Part 3. PCDD and PCDF in fly ash. Chemosphere 18:1,475–1,483

    Google Scholar 

  • Rackwitz D (1991) Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans by pyrolysis of PCB and PVC in a fire in an electric melting plant/decontamination and deposition of the refuse Abstract #PD5. In: DIOXIN '91, Research Triangle Park, NC, p 109

  • Rappe C, Kjeller L (1987) PCDDs and PCDFs in Environmental Samples Air, Particulates, Sediments and Soil. Chemosphere 16:1,775–1,780

    Google Scholar 

  • Rappe C, Andersson R, Bergqvist PA, Brohede C, Hansson M, Kjeller LO, Lindstrom G, Marklund S, Nygren M, Swanson SE, Tysklind M, Wiberg K (1987) Sources and relative importance of PCDD and PCDF emissions. Waste Management Res 5:225–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Rappe C, Kjeller L-O, Bruckmann P, Hackne K-H (1988) Identification and quantification of PCDDs and PCDFs in urban air. Chemosphere 17:3–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Rappe C, Bergqvist P-A, Kjeller L-O (1989) Levels, trends, and patterns of PCDDs and PCDFs in Scandinavian environmental samples. Chemosphere 18:651–658

    Google Scholar 

  • Rappe C, Andersson R, Lundstrom K, Wiber K (1990) Levels of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in commercial detergents and related products. Chemosphere 21:43–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Rappe C, Kjeller L-O, Kulp S-E, Wit C, Hasselsten I, Palm O (1991) Levels, profile and pattern of PCDDs and PCDFs in samples related to the production and use of chlorine. Chemosphere 23:1,629–1,636

    Google Scholar 

  • Ree KCM, Evers EHG, van den Berg M (1988) Mechanisms of formation of polychlorinated dibenzo (p) dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) from potential industrial sources. Toxicol Environ Chem 17:171–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Reischl A, Reissinger M, Thoma H, Hutzinger O (1987) Die erfassung der atmospharischen vetreilung von dioxinen und furanen mit hilfe pflanzicher oberflachen. VDI Ber 634:349–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Remmers J, Dupuy A, McDaniel D, Harless R, Steele D (1991) Dioxin and furan contamination in chloranil and c.i. pigment violet 23. Abstract #P110. DIOXIN' 91, Research Triangle Park, NC, p 317

  • Scholz B, Engler M (1987) Determination of polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins and dibenzofurans in wastes of technical hexachlorocyclohexane. Chemosphere 16:1,829–1,834

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz TR, Stalling DL (1991) Chemometric comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl residues and toxicologically active polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the eggs of Forster's terns (Sterna fosteri). Arch Environ Contain Toxicol 20:183–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheffield A (1985) Sources and releases of PCDDs and PCDFs to the Canadian environment. Chemosphere 14:811–814

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith RM, O'Keefe PW, Aldous KM, Valente H, Connor SP, Donnelly RJ (1990) Chlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxins in atmospheric samples from cities in New York. Environ Sci Technol 24:1,502–1,506

    Google Scholar 

  • Southerland JH, Kuykendal WB, Lamason WH, Miles A, Oberacker DA (1987) Assessment of combustion sources as emitters of chlorinated dioxin compounds: A report on the results of tier 4 of the National Dioxin Study. Chemosphere 16:2,161–2,168

    Google Scholar 

  • Stalling DL, Norstrom RJ, Smith LM, Simon M (1985a) Patterns of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB contamination in Great Lakes fish and birds and their characterization by principal components analysis. Chemosphere 14:627–643

    Google Scholar 

  • Stalling DL, Petty JD, Smith LM, Dunn WJ (1985b) Dioxins and furans in the environment: A probelm for chemometrics. In: Kamin MA, Rudgers PW (eds) Dioxins in the Environment, Hemisphere Publishing Co, Washington, DC, pp 101–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Stillman R (1990) U.S. report: The truth about dioxin. HAZMAT 2:38–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson SE, Rappe C (1988) Emission of PCDDs and PCDFs from the pulp industry. Chemosphere 17:681–691

    Google Scholar 

  • Swerev M, Ballschmiter K (1989) Pattern analysis of PCDDs and PCDFs in environmental samples as an approach to an occurrence/source correlation. Chemosphere 18:609–616

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiernan TO, Wagel DJ, Vanness GF, Garrett JH, Sloch JG, Harden LA (1989) PCDD/PCDF in the ambient air of a metropolitan area in the U.S. Chemosphere 195:41–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Theisen J, Funcke W, Balfanz E, Konig J (1989) Determination of PCDFs and PCDDs in fire accidents and laboratory combustion tests involving PVC-containing materials. Chemosphere 19:423–428

    Google Scholar 

  • Thielemans A, Massart DL (1985) The use of principal component analysis as a display method in the interpretation of analytical chemical, biochemical, environmental, and epidemiological data. Chima 39:236–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Thoma H (1988) PCDD/F-concentrations in chimney soot from house heating systems. Chemosphere 17:1,369–1,379

    Google Scholar 

  • Tondeur Y, Beckert WF, Billets S, Mitchum RK (1989) Method 8290: An analytical protocol for the multimedia characterization of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution spectrometry. Chemosphere 18:119–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Tong HY, Karasek FW (1986) Comparison of PCDD and PCDF in flyash collected from municipal incinerators of different countries. Chemosphere 15:1,219–1,224

    Google Scholar 

  • Tong HY, Arghestani S, Gross ML, Karasek FW (1989) Polychlorodibenzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans in the dust of the ambient atmosphere in a municipal waste incinerator. Chemosphere 18:577–584

    Google Scholar 

  • Tong HY, Monson SJ, Gross ML, Bopp RF, Simpson HJ, Deck BL, Moser FC (1990) Analysis of dated sediment samples from the Newark Bay area for selected PCDD/Fs. Chemosphere 20:1,497–1,502

    Google Scholar 

  • Townsend DI (1986) The use of isomer specific data to characterize and differentiate sources of dioxins into the environment. Chemosphere 15:1,461–1,466

    Google Scholar 

  • Tysklind M, Soderstrom G, Rappe C, Hagersted L-E, Burstrom E (1989) PCDD and PCDF emissions form scrap metal melting processes at a steel mill. Chemosphere 19:705–710

    Google Scholar 

  • Tysklind M, Lundgren K, Rappe C, Eriksson L, Jonsson J, Sjostrom M, Ahlborg UG (1992) Multivariate characterization and modeling of polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ Sci Technol 26:1023–1030

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1987) The National Dioxin Study: Tiers 3,5,6, and 7. EPA/440/4-87/003. Office of Water, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1980) Dioxins. Office of Research and Development Washington, DC, November

    Google Scholar 

  • van Wijnen JH, Liem AKD, Olie K, van Zorge JA (1992) Soil contamination with PCDDs and PCDFs of small (illegal) scrap wire and scrap car incinerator sites. Chemosphere 24:127–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Wakimoto T, Kannan N, Ono M, Tatsukana H, Masuda T (1988) Isomer-specific determination of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in Japanese and American polychlorinated biphenyls. Chemosphere 17:743–750

    Google Scholar 

  • Weerasinghe NCA, Gross ML, Lisk DJ (1985) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in sewage sludges. Chemosphere 14:557–564

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenning RJ, Hams MA, Ungs MJ, Paustenbach DJ, Bedbury H (1992a) Chemometric comparisons of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran residues in surficial sediments from New ark Bay, New Jersey and other industrialized waterways. Arch Environ Contain Toxicol 22:397–413

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenning RJ, Harris MA, Paustenbach DJ, Bedbury H (1992b) Potential sources of 1,2,8,9-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the aquatic environment. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 23:133–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams DT, LeBel GL, Benoit FM (1992) Polychlorodibenzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans in dioxazine dyes and pigments. Chemosphere 24:169–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Wold S, Esbensen K, Gelati P (1987) Principal components analysis. Chemo Int Lab Systems 2:37–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasuhara A, Ito H, Morita M (1987) Isomer-specific determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in incinerator-related environmental samples. Environ Sci Technol 21:971–979

    Google Scholar 

  • Zitko V (1989) Composition of chlorinated dibenzoidioxins and dibenzofurans in various samples. Sci Total Environ 80:127–137

    Google Scholar 

  • — (1992) Assessment of the significance of chemicals in sediments. J Environ Sci Health A27:273–281

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemrisk-A Division of McLaren/Hart, Stroudwater Crossing, 1685 Congress Street, 04102, Portland, Maine, USA

    Richard J. Wenning

  2. 1135 Atlantic Avenue, 94501, Alameda, California, USA

    Dennis J. Paustenbach

  3. Maxus Energy Corporation, 717 North Harwood Street, 75201, Dallas, Texas, USA

    Mark A. Harris & Hadley Bedbury

Authors
  1. Richard J. Wenning
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dennis J. Paustenbach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mark A. Harris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hadley Bedbury
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wenning, R.J., Paustenbach, D.J., Harris, M.A. et al. Principal components analysis of potential sources of polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxin and dibenzofuran residues in surficial sediments from Newark Bay, New Jersey. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24, 271–289 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01128726

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01128726

Keywords

Search

Navigation