Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Entry mechanisms of enveloped viruses. Implications for fusion of intracellular membranes

  • Review
  • Published:
Bioscience Reports

Abstract

Enveloped viruses infect cells by a mechanism involving membrane fusion. This process is mediated and triggered by specific viral membrane glycoproteins. Evidence is accumulating that fusion of intracellular membranes, as occurs during endocytosis and transport between intracellular organelles, also requires the presence of specific proteins. The relevance of elucidating the mechanisms of virus fusion for a better understanding of fusion of intracellular membranes is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Altstiel, L. and Branton, D. (1983)Cell 32:921–929.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amselem, S., Barenholz, Y., Loyter, A., Nir, S. and Lichtenberg, D. (1986)Biochim. Biophys. Acta 860:301–313.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aroeti, B. and Henis, Y. I. (1986)Biochemistry 25:4588–4596

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asano, K. and Asano, A. (1988)Biochemistry 27:1321–1329.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bächi, I., Deas, J. E. and Howe, C. (1977)Cell Surf. Rev. 2:83–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balch, W. E., Glick, B. S. and Rothman, J. E. (1984)Cell 39:525–536.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balch, W. E., Dunphy, W. G., Braell, W. A. and Rothman, J. E. (1984a)Cell 39: 405–416.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balch, W. E. and Keller, D. S. (1986)J. Biol. Chem. 261:14690–14696.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balch, W. E., Elliot, M. M. and Keller, D. S. (1986)J. Biol. Chem. 261:14681–14689.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balch, W. E., Wagner, K. R. and Keller, D. S. (1987)J. Cell Biol. 104:749–760.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, J. A., Penowich, D. J. and Allen, T. M. (1987)J. Lip. Res. 28:130–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Zvi, D. and Branton, D. (1986)J. Biol. Chem. 261:9614–9621.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blough, H. A. and Tiffany, J. M. (1973)Adv. Lip. Res. 11:267–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, B. M., Giorgi, C., Rose, K. and Kolakofsky, D. (1985)J. Gen. Virol. 66: 317–331.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, B., Giorgi, C., Roux, L., Raju, R., Dowling, P., Chollet, A. and Kolakofsky, D. (1985a)Cell 41:269–278.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenthal, R., Bali-Puri, A., Walter, A., Covell, D. and Eidelman, O. (1987)J. Biol. Chem. 262:13614–13619.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulay, F., Doms, R. W., Wilson, I. and Helenius, A. (1987)EMBO J. 6: 2643–2650.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulay, F., Doms, R. W. and Helenius, A. (1987a) In:Positive strand RNA viruses (Brinton, M. A. and Ruickert, R. R. eds.), Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 103–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braell, W. A. (1987)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:1137–1141.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braell, W. A., Schlossman, D. M., Schmid, S. L. and Rothman, J. E. (1984)J. Cell Biol. 99:734–741.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunner, J. (1981)Trends Biochem. Sci. 6:44–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bundo-Morita, K., Gibson, S. and Lenard, J. (1987)Biochemistry 26:6223–6227.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bundo-Morita, K., Gibson, S. and Lenard, J. (1988)Virology 163: in press.

  • Cautournet, B., Crenzet, C., Komano, O., Loeb, J. (1987)FEBS Lett. 220: 143–148.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chejanovski, N. and Loyter, A. (1985)J. Biol. Chem. 260:7911–7918.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choppin, P. W., Richardson, C. D., Merz, D. C., Hall, W. W. and Scheid, A. (1981)J. Infect. Dis. 143:352–363.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Citovsky, V., Rottem, S., Nussbaum, O., Taster, Y., Rott, R. and Loyter, A. (1988)J. Biol. Chem. 263:461–467.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clapham, P. R., Weiss, R. A., Dalgleish, A. G., Exley, M., Whitby, D. and Hogg, N. (1987)Virology 158:44–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coffin, J. M. (1986)Cell 46:1–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. L., Huang, Y. T. and Wertz, G. W. (1984)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 7683–7687.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Compans, R. W. and Klenk, H.-D. (1979) In:Comprehensive Virology (Fraenkel-Conrat, H. and Wagner, R. R., eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 23:293–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, C. S., Doms, R. W., Bolzau, E. M., Webster, R. G. and Helenius, A. (1986)J. Cell Biol. 103:1179–1191.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, C. S., Zimmer, K.-P., Wagner, K. R., Healy, G. A., Mellman, I. and Helenius, A. (1988)Cell 53:197–209.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crimmins, D. L., Mehard, W. B. and Schlesinger, S. (1983)Biochemistry 22:5790–5796.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dalgleish, A. G., Beverly, P. C. L., Clapham, P. R., Crawford, D. H., Greaves, M. F. and Weiss, R. A. (1984)Nature 312:763–767.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, R. S., Downie, J. C., Hay, A. J., Knossow, M., Skehel, J. J., Wang, M. L. and Wiley, D. C. (1985)Cell 40:431–439.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davey, J., Huntley, S. M. and Warren, G. (1985)Cell 43:643–652.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deshpande, K. L., Fried, V. A., Ando, M. and Webster, R. G. (1987)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:36–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz, R., Mayorga, L. and Stahl, P. (1988)J. Biol. Chem. 263:6093–6100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doms, R. W., Gething, M. J., Henneberry, J., White, J. and Helenius, A. (1986)J. Virol. 57:603–613.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doms, R. W. and Helenius, A. (1986)J. Virol. 60:833–839.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doms, R. W., Keller, D. S., Helenius, A. and Balch, W. E. (1987)J. Cell Biol. 105:1957–1967.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doms, R. W. and Helenius, A. (1988) In:Molecular mechanism of membrane fusion (Ohki, S., et al., eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 385–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubovi, E. J. and Wagner, R. R. (1977)J. Virol. 22:500–509.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Düzgüznes, N. (1985) In:Subcellular Biochemistry (Roodyn, D. B., ed.), Vol. 11, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 195–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eidelman, O., Schlegel, R., Tralka, T. S. and Blumenthal, R. (1984)J. Biol. Chem. 259:4622–4628.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Florkiewicz, R. Z. and Rose, J. K. (1984)Science 225:721–723.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallaher, W. R. (1987)Cell 50:327–328.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garoff, H., Frischauf, A.-M., Simons, K., Lehrach, H. and Delius, H. (1980)Nature 288:236–241.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garoff, H., Kondor-Koch, C. and Riedel, H. (1982)Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 99: 1–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gething, M.-J., White, J. M. and Waterfield, M. D. (1978)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:2737–2740.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gething, M. J. and Sambrook, J. (1981)Nature 293:620–625.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glick, B. S. and Rothman, J. E. (1987)Nature 326:309–312.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gruenberg, J. E. and Howell, K. E. (1986)EMBO J. 5:3091–3101.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gruenberg, J. E. and Howell, K. E. (1987)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:5758–5762.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammarskjold, M.-L., Ferro, F., Smith, A. J. and Rekosh, D. (1988)J. Cell. Biochem. Supplement 12C, 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmsen, M., Wilschut, J., Scherphof, G., Hulstaert, C. and Hoekstra, D. (1985)Eur. J. Biochem. 149:591–599.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harter, C., Bächi, T., Semenza, G. and Brunner, J. (1988)Biochemistry 27: 1856–1864.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haywood, A. M. and Boyer, B. P. (1984)Biochemistry 23:4061–4066.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuser, J. (1980)J. Cell Biol. 84:560–583.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, B. L., Drickamer, K., Brodsky, F. M. and Parham, P. (1988)J. Biol. Chem. 263:5499–5501.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra, D. (1982)Biochemistry 21:2833–2840.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra, D., De Boer, T., Klappe, K. and Wilschut, J. (1984)Biochemistry 23: 5675–5681.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra, D., Klappe, K., De Boer, T. and Wilschut, J. (1985)Biochemistry 24: 4739–4745.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra, D. and Klappe, K. (1986)J. Virol. 58:87–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra, D. and Düzgünes, N. (1986)Biochemistry 25:1321–1330.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra, D., Klappe, K., Stegmann, T. and Nir, S. (1988) In:Molecular mechanisms of membrane fusion (Ohki, S., Doyle, D. Flanagan, T., Hui, S. and Mayhew, E., Eds.), Plenum Publ. Co., New York, pp. 399–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra, D., Novick, S. L., Hoff, H., Nir, S. and Klappe, K. (1988a) In:Cell biology of virus entry, replication and pathogenesis (Compans, R., Helenius, A. and Oldstone, M., eds.) Alan R. Liss Inc., New York, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra, D. (1988)Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys. 25:76–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra, D. and Wilschut, J. (1988) In:Water transport in biological membranes (Benga, G., ed.), CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra, D. and Düzgünes, N. (1988) In:Subcellular Biochemistry, Vol. 14 (Harris, J. R. and Etemadi, A. H.) eds., Plenum Publ. Co., New York (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Homma, M., Shimizu, Y. K. and Ishida, N. (1976)Virology 71:41–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hosaka, Y. and Shimizu, K., (1977)Cell Surf. Rev. 2:129–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, M.-C., Scheid, A. and Choppin, P. W. (1981)J. Biol. Chem. 256:3557–3563.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, M.-C., Scheid, A. and Choppin, P. W. (1979)Virology 95:476–491.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, M.-C., Scheid, A. and Choppin, P. W. (1982)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:5862–5866.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawaoka, Y. and Webster, R. G. (1988)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:324–328.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawato, S., Gut, J., Cherry, R. J., Winterhalter, K. H. and Richter, C. (1982)J. Biol. Chem. 257:7023–7029.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keen, J. H. (1985) In:Endocytosis (Pastan, I. and Willingham, M. C., eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 85–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kielian, M. C. and Helenius, A. (1985)J. Cell Biol. 107:2284–2291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. and Kim, H. (1986)Biochemistry 25:7867–7874.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klappe, K., Wilschut, J., Nir, S. and Hoekstra, D. (1986)Biochemistry 25: 8252–8260.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klenk, H.-D., Rott, R., Orlich, M. and Blödorn, J. (1975)Virology 68: 426–439.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knutton, S. and Pasternak, C. A. (1979)Trends Biochem. Sci. 4:220–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornfeld, R. and Kornfeld, S. (1985)Ann. Rev. Biochem. 54:631–664.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kotwal, G., Caponne, J. Irving, R., Rhee, S., Bilan, P., Toneguzzo, F., Hofmann, T. and Ghosh, H. (1983)Virology 129:1–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kreis, T. E. and Lodish, H. F. (1986)Cell 46:929–937.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawaczeck R., Gervais, M., Nandi, P. K. and Nicolau, C. (1987)Biochim. Biophys. Acta 903:112–122.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lear, J. D. and DeGrado, W. F. (1987)J. Biol. Chem. 262:6500–6505.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, P. M., Cherry, R. J. and Bächi, T. (1983)Virology 128:65–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lifson, J. D., Feinberg, M. B., Reyes, G. R., Rabin, L., Banapour, B., Chakrabarti, S., Moss, B., Wong-Staal, F., Steimer, K. S. and Engleman, E. G. (1986)Nature 323:725–728.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucy, J. A. (1984)FEBS Lett. 166:223–231.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyles, D. S. (1979)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:5621–5625.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyles, D. S. and Landsberger, F. R. (1979)Biochemistry 18:5088–5095.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maddon, P. J., Dalgleish, A. G., McDougal, J. S., Clapham, P. R., Weiss, R. A. and Axel, R. (1986)Cell 47:333–348.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maeda, T., Kawasaki, K. and Ohnishi, S. (1981)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:4133–4137.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markwell, M. A. K. and Fox, C. F. (1980)J. Virol. 33:152–166.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markwell, M. A. K., Svennerholm, L. and Paulson, J. C. (1981)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:5406–5410.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markwell, M. A. K., Portner, A. and Schwartz, A. L. (1985)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:978–982.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, M. and helenius, A. (1984) In:Lysosomes in biology and pathology (Dingle, J. T., Dean, R. T. and Sly, W., (eds.), Elsevier Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, pp. 297–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • marsh, M., Bolzau, E. and Helenius, A. (1983)Cell 32:931–940.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCune, J. M., Rabin, L. B., Feinberg, M.B., Lieberman, M., Kosek J. C., Reyes, G. R. and Weissman, J. L. (1988)Cell 53:55–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Micklem, K. J., Nyaruwe, A. and Pasternak, C. A. (1985)Mol. Cell. Biochem. 66:163–173.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, F. A., Dixon, G. J., Arnett, G., Dice, J. R., Rightsel, W. A., Schabel, F. M. and McLean, I. W. (1968)Appl. Microbiol. 16:1489–1496.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Modrow, S., Hahn, B. H., Shaw, G. M., Gallo, R. C., Wong-Staal, F. and Wolf, H. (1987),J. Virol. 61:570–578.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, T. and Ward, L. J. (1984)Virus Res. 1:225–239.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, T. G., Peeples, M. E. and McGinnes, L. W. (1987)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:1020–1024.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moscufo, N., Gallina, A., Schiavo, G., Montecucco, C. and Tomasi, M. (1987)J. Biol. Chem. 262:11490–11496.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Möhlebach, T. and Cherry, R. J. (1985)Biochemistry 24:975–983.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakanishi, M., Uchida, T., Kim, J. and Okada, Y. (1982)Exp. Cell Res. 142: 95–101.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nir, S., Klappe, K. and Hoekstra, D. (1986)Biochemistry 25:8261–8266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nir, S., Klappe, K. and Hoekstra, D. (1986a)Biochemistry 25:2155–2161.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norrby, E. (1971)Virology 44:599–608.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novick, S. L. and Hoekstra, D. (1988)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, in press.

  • Nowack, D. D., Morré, D. M., Panlik, M., Keenan, T. W. and Morré, D. J. (1987)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6098–6102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaum, O., Zakai, N. and Loyter, A. (1984)Virology 138:185–196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Op den Kamp, J. A. F. (1979)Ann. Rev. Biochem. 48:47–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orci, L., Glick, B. S. and Rothman, J. E. (1986)Cell 46:171–184.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozawa, M., Asano, A. and Okada, Y. (1979)J. Biochem. 86:1361–1369.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozawa, M., Asano, A. and Okada, Y. (1979a)Virology 99:197–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pal, R., Barenholz, Y. and Wagner, R. R. (1988)Biochemistry 27:30–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palade, G. E. (1975)Science 189:347–353.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pasternak, C. A. (1984) In:Membrane processes: molecular biological aspects and medical applications (Benga, G., Baum, H. and Kummerow, F., eds.), Springer, New York, pp. 140–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, R. G., Harris, T. J. R. and Lamb, R. A. (1984)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 6706–6710.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearse, B. M. F. and Crowther, R. A. (1987)Ann. Rev. Biophys. Chem. 16:49–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, A. G., Barber, C., Carey, N. H., Hallwell, R. A., Threlfall, G. and Emtage, J. S. (1979)Nature 282:471–477.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poste, G. and Pasternak, C. A. (1978)Cell Surf. Rev. 5:306–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puri, A., Winick, J., Lowy, R. J., Covell, D., Eidelman, O., Walter, A. and Blumenthal, R. (1988)J. Biol. Chem. 263:4749–4753.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rand, R. P. and Parsegian, V. A. (1984)Can. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 62:752–759.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redmond, S. M. S. and Dickson, C. (1983)EMBO J. 2: 125–131.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redmond, S., Peters, G. and Dickson, C. (1984)Virology 133:393–402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, C. M. and Strauss, J. H. (1981)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 781:2062–2068.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, C. and Strauss, J. H. (1982)J. Mol. Biol. 154:325–348.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, C. M., Bell, J. R., Hunkapiller, M. W., Strauss, E. G. and Strauss, J. H. (1982)J. Mol. Biol. 154:355–378.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, C. D., Scheid, A. and Choppin, P. W. (1981) In:The replication of negative strand viruses (Bishop, D. H. L. and Compans, R. W., eds.), Elsevier/North-Holland, pp. 509–515.

  • Richardson, C. D. and Choppin, P. W. (1983)Virology 131:518–532.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robey, W. G., Safai, B., Oroszlan, S., Arthur, L. O., Gonda, M. A., Gallo, R. C. and Fischinger, P. J. (1985)Science 228:593–595.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, J. K. and Gallione, C. J. (1981)J. Virol. 39:519–528.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, J. E. (1987)Cell 50:521–522.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, J. E. (1987a)J. Biol. Chem. 262:12502–12510.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rott, R. and Klenk, H.-D. (1977)Cell Surf. Rev. 2:47–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruigrok, R. W. H., Wrigley, N. G., Calder, L. J., Cusack, S., Wharton, S. A., Brown, E. B. and Skehel, J. J. (1986)EMBO J. 5:41–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruigrok, R. W. H., Martin, S. R., Wharton, S. A., Skehel, J. J., Bayley, P. M. and Wiley, D. C. (1986a)Virology 155:484–497.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, S. B., Kawasaki, K. and Ohnishi, S.-I. (1983)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 3153–3157.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sattentau, Q. J. and Weiss, R. A. (1988)Cell 52:631–633.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheid, A. and Choppin, P. W. (1974)Virology 57:475–490.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlegel, R. and Wade, M. (1984).J. Biol. Chem. 259:4691–4697.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlegel, R., Tralka, T. S., Willingham, M. C. and Pastan, I. (1983)Cell 32: 639–646.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlossman, D. M., Schmid, S. L., Braell, W. A. and Rothman, J. E. (1984)J. Cell Biol. 99:723–733.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sechoy, P., Philippot, J. R. and Bienvenue, A. (1987)J. Biol. Chem. 262:11519–11523.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shioda, T., Iwasaki, K. and Shibuta, H. (1986)Nucleic Acids Res. 14:1545–1563.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigrist, H. and Zahler, P. (1985) In:The enzymes of biological membranes (Martonosi, A. N., ed.), Vol. 10, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 333–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skehel, J. J., Bayley, P. M., Brown, E. B., Martin, S. R., Waterfield, M. D., White, J. M., Wilson, I. H. and Wiley, D. C. (1982)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:968–972.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Starcich, B. R., Hahn, B. H., Shaw, G. M., McNeely, P. D., Modrow, S., Wolf, H., Parks, E. S., Parks, W. P., Josephs, S. F., Gallo, R. C. and Wong-Staal, F. (1986)Cell 45:637–648.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stegmann, T., Hoekstra, D., Scherphof, G. and Wilschut, J. (1985)Biochemistry 24:3107–3113.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stegmann, T., Hoekstra, D., Scherphof, G. and Wilschut, J. (1986)J. Biol. Chem. 261:10966–10969.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, B. S., Gowda, S. D., Lifson, J. D., Penhallow, R. C., Bensch, K. G. and Engleman, E. G. (1987)Cell 49:659–668.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steinman, R. M., Mellman, I. S., Muller, W. A. and Cohn, Z. A. (1983)J. Cell Biol. 96:1–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Struck, D. K., Hoekstra, D. and Pagano, R. E. (1981)Biochemistry 20:4093–4099.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tartakoff, A. M. (1983)Cell 32:1026–1028.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsao, Y. and Huang, L. (1985)Biochemistry 24:1092–1098.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umeda, M., Nojima, S. and Inoue, K. (1984)Virology 133:172–182.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varsanyi, T. M., Jornvall, H. and Norrby, E. (1985)Virology 147:110–117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, R. H., Provencher, S. W., Von Bonsdorff, C.-H., Adrian, M. and Dubochet, J. (1986)Nature 320:533–535.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wattenberg, B. W., Balch, W. E. and Rothman, J. E. (1986)J. Biol. Chem. 261:2202–2207.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wattenberg, B. W. and Rothman, J. E. (1986a)J. Biol. Chem. 261:2208–2213.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wharton, S. A., Ruigrok, R. W. H., Martin, S. R., Skehel, J. J., Bayley, P. M., Weis, W. and Wiley, D. C. (1988)J. Biol. Chem. 263:4474–4480.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, J. and Helenius, A. (1980)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:3273–3277.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, J., Kielian, M. and Helenius, A. (1983)Quat. Rev. Biophys. 16:151–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiley, D. C. and Skehel, J. J. (1987)Ann. Rev. Biochem. 56:365–394.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilschut, J. and Hoekstra, D. (1986)Chem. Phys. Lip. 40:145–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, I. A., Skehel, J. J. and Wiley, D. C. (1981)Nature 289:366–373.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodman, P. G. and Warren, G. (1988)Eur. J. Biochem. 173:101–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, S. and Ohnishi, S.-I. (1986)Biochemistry 25:3703–3708.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yewdell, J. W., Yellen, A. and Bächi, T. (1988)Cell 52:843–852.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, J. D.-E., Young, G. P. H., Cohn, Z. A. and Lenard, J. (1983)Virology 128: 186–194.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yurko, M. A. and Glick, S. (1987)J. Biol. Chem. 262:15770–15779.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, University of Groningen, Bloemsingel 10, 9712 KZ, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Dick Hoekstra & Jan Willem Kok

Authors
  1. Dick Hoekstra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jan Willem Kok
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hoekstra, D., Kok, J.W. Entry mechanisms of enveloped viruses. Implications for fusion of intracellular membranes. Biosci Rep 9, 273–305 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01114682

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01114682

Key Words

Search

Navigation