Abstract
Leaching ofα-, β-, γ- andδ-isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in a commercial formulation, sprayed to a flooded field (unplanted or planted to rice) at 1.0 kg a.i. ha−1 onγ-isomer basis, was studied with the help of field-installed porous moisture extraction cups. Residues of HCH-isomers in the surface field water and leachates (at 15, 30 and 60 cm) were higher in planted field than in unplanted field, probably due to less volatilization of HCH-isomers under the crop cover. HCH-isomers, with the exception ofβ-isomer, migrated to 30 cm depth;β-isomer did not move beyond 15 cm depth possibly due to lower amount of this isomer available for leaching whileα-HCH was detected even at 60 cm depth.γ-Tetrachlorocyclohexene, a predicted metabolite ofγ-HCH in anaerobic environments, was detected in the the leachate even at 60 cm depth.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
David, B. V.: 1992,Pest Management and Pesticides: Indian Scenario, Namrutha Publications, Madras, p. 225.
Federle, T. W.: 1988,Can. J. Microbiol. 34, 1037.
Heritage, A. D. and MacRae, I. C.: 1977,Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33, 129.
Klein, W.: 1989, ‘Mobility of Environmental Chemicals, Including Abiotic Degradation’, inEcotoxicology and Climate, (eds.) Bourdeau, P., Haines, J. A., Klein, W. and Krishna Murti, C. R., John Wiley and & Sons Ltd., Chichester, p. 65.
Kuhn, E. P. and Suflita, J. M.: 1989 ‘Dehalogenation of Pesticides by Anaerobic Microorganisms in Soils and Groundwater — A Review’, inReactions and Movements of Organic Chemicals in Soils, Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, Madison, p. 111.
Lichtenstein, E. P.: 1958,J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 380.
Lindsey, A. S., Rackley, F. A. Barren, M. F. and Harris, A. L.: 1981,NPL Report Chem. 611.
Mohn, W. W. and Tiedje, J, M.: 1992.Microbiol. Rev. 56, 482.
Pye, V. I. and Patrick, R.: 1983,Science 221, 713.
Ramanand, K., Sharmila, M., Panda, D. and Sethunathan, N.: 1988,J. Environ. Sci. Health B23, 225.
Russell, W.: 1973,Soil Conditions and Plant Growth, Longman, London, p. 491.
Samuel, T. and Pillai, M. K. K.: 1990,Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19, 214.
Straube, G.: 1991,Z. Microbiol. 146, 327.
Suzuki, M., Yamato, Y. and Watanabe, I.: 1975,Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxiciol. 14, 520.
Tanabe, S., Ramesh, A., Sakashita, D., Iwata, H., Tatsukawa, R., Mohan, D. and Subramanian, A. N.: 1991,Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 45, 45.
Tsukano, Y. and Kobayashi, A.: 1972.Agr. Biol. Chem. 36, 166.
Vonk, J. W. and Quirijns, J. K.: 1979,Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 12, 68.
Wahid, P. A. and Sethunathan, N.: 1979,J. Agric. Food Chem. 27, 1053.
Wilson, J. T., McNabb, J. F., Wilson, B. H. and Noonan, M. J.: 1983,Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 24, 225.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Adhya, T.K., Rao, V.R., Dani, R.C. et al. Leaching of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in a flooded field unplanted or planted to rice. Water Air Soil Pollut 81, 305–313 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01104017
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01104017