Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A survey of the natural occurrence ofFusarium toxins in wheat grown ina southwestern area of Germany

  • Mycotoxicoses And Mycotoxins
  • Published:
Mycopathologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Wheat for feed use (84 samples) was collected after harvest from 79 farms in a southwestern part of Germany (Baden-Wuerttemberg). The 1987 crop year was characterized by heavy rainfall in the summer months. The internal mycoflora of wheat samples was primarily fusaria, and storage fungi were rarely present. TheFusarium toxins, zearalenone (ZON), α- and β-zearalenol (α,β-ZOL), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 Toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2) and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) were analysed by gas chromatography with mass selective detection (detection limit: 1–3 µg/kg). Each of the samples contained at least one of theFusarium toxins examined except DAS. DON, ZON, 3-AcDON, NIV, T-2, HT-2 and α-ZOL were detected in 96%, 80%, 59%, 26%, 26%, 7% and 5% of samples, with an average of 1632, 178, 7, 9, 82, 10 and 23 µg/kg, and a maximum of 20538, 8036, 18, 32, 249, 20 and 71 µg/kg, respectively. β-ZOL (12 µg/kg) was found in one sample with α-ZOL (71 µg/kg). One, two, three, four, five and sixFusarium toxins were detected in 6%, 27%, 37%, 23%, 4%, and 4% of total samples, respectively. The most frequent combination was that of ZON with DON and 3-AcDON, followed by the combinations ZON/DON and ZON/DON/3-AcDON/NIV in 22, 20, and 11% of total samples, respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

3-AcDON:

3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol

DAS:

Diacetoxyscirpenol

DON:

Deoxynivalenol

HT-2:

HT-2 toxin

NIV:

Nivalenol

T-2:

T-2 toxin

α-ZOL:

α-Zearalenol

β-ZOL:

β-Zearalenol

ZON:

Zearalenone

References

  1. Smith JE, Henderson RS, eds. Mycotoxins and animal foods. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Vesonder RF, Golinski P. Metabolites ofFusarium. In: Chelkowski J, ed.Fusarium, mycotoxins, taxonomy and pathogenicity. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989: 1–39.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Beasly VR, ed. Trichothecene mycotoxicosis: Pathophysiologic effects, Vols. 1 & 2. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kuiper-Goodman T, Scott PM, Watanabe H. Risk assessment of the mycotoxin zearalenone. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1987; 7: 253–306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ueno Y. Trichothecenes: Overview address. In: Rodricks JV, Hesseltine CW, Mehlman MA, eds. Mycotoxins in human and animal health. Park Forst South: Pathotox Publ, 1977: 189–207.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ueno Y, ed., Trichothecenes: Chemical, biological and toxicological aspects. Tokyo/Amsterdam: Kodansha Ltd/Elsevier, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Gareis M, Bauer J, Enders C, Gedek B. Contamination of cereals and other feed withFusarium mycotoxins in European countries. In: Chelkowski J, ed.Fusarium, mycotoxins, taxonomy and pathogenicity. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989: 441–67.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Scott PM. The natural occurrence of trichothecenes. In: Beasley VR, ed. Trichothecene mycotoxicosis: Pathophysiologic effects, Vol. 1. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1989: 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Thalmann A, Matzenauer S, Gruber-Schley S. Untersuchungen über das Vorkommen von Fusarientoxinen in Getreide. Berichte über Landwirtschaft 1985; 53: 257–72.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Schwadorf K, Müller HM. Determination of trichothecenes in cereals by gas chromatography with ion trap detection. Chromatographia 1991; 32: 137–42.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Schwadorf K, Müller HM. Determination of α- and β-zearalenol and zearalenone in cereals by gas chromatography with ion trap detection. J Chromatogr 1992; 595: 259–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Abramson D. Development of molds, mycotoxins and odors in moist cereals during storage. In: Chelkowski J, ed. Cereal grain: Mycotoxins, fungi and quality in drying and storage. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991; 119–47.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Christensen CM, Sauer DB. Microflora. In: Christensen CM, ed. Storage of cereals grains and their products. St. Paul, Minn: Am Assoc Cereal Chem 1982: 219–240.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Lacey J, Magan N. Fungi in cereal grains: Their occurrence and water and temperature relationships. In: Chelkowski J, ed. Cereal grain: Mycotoxins, fungi and quality in drying and storage. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991: 77–118.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Tanaka T, Hasegawa A, Matsuki Y, Lee U-S, Ueno Y. Rapid and sensitive determination of zearalenone in cereals by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr 1985; 328: 271–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hietaniemi V, Kumpulainen J. Contents ofFusarium toxins in Finnish and imported grains and feeds. Food Add Contam 1991; 8: 171–82.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Tanaka T, Yamamoto S, Hasegawa A, Aoki N, Besling JR, Sugiura Y, Ueno Y. A survey of the natural occurrence ofFusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone, in cereals harvested in the Netherlands. Mycopathologia 1990; 110: 19–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Chelkowski J, Visconti A, Perkowski J, Wakulinski W, Bottalico A. Mycotoxins and fungi accompanying wheat head fusariosis in Poland. European Seminar ofFusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, Pathogenicity, Warsaw 1987. Mycotoxin Res 1988; 57–60.

  19. Hintikka E-L, Saari L, Berg S, Rizzo A, Karppanen, E. Occurrence of trichothecenes in feed and cereals in Finland. European Seminar ofFusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, Pathogenicity, Warsaw 1987. Mycotoxin Res. 1988; 28–29.

  20. Perkowski J, Plattner RD, Golinski P, Vesonder RF, Chelkowski J. Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 4,7-dideoxynivalenol, and zearalenone in Polish wheat. Mycotoxin Res 1990; 6: 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Perkowski J, Chelkowski J, Wakulinski W. Mycotoxins in cereal grain, Part 13: Deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol in wheat kernels and chaff with head fusariosis symptoms. Die Nahrung 1990; 34: 325–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Visconti A, Chelkowski J, Bottalico A. Deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol mycotoxins associated with wheat head fusariosis. Mycotoxin Res 1986; 2: 59–64.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Mirocha CJ, Schauerhamer B, Christensen CM, Niku-Paavola ML, Nummi M. Incidence of zearalenol (Fusarium mycotoxin) in animal feed. Appl Environm Microbiol 1979; 38: 749–50.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bottalico A, Visconti A, Logrieco A, Solfrizzo M, Mirocha CJ. Occurrence of zearalenols (diastereomeric mixture) in corn stalk rot and their production by associatedFusarium species. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 49: 547–51.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bottalico A, Logrieco A, Visconti A.Fusarium species and their mycotoxins in infected corn in Italy. Mycopathologia 1989; 107: 85–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Bottalico A, Logrieco A, Visconti A.Fusarium species and their mycotoxins in infected cereals in the field and in stored grains. In: Chelkowski J, ed.Fusarium, mycotoxins, taxonomy and pathogenicity. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989: 85–119.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Engelhardt G, Rintelen J, Wallnöfer PR. Vorkommen von toxinbildenden Schimmelpilzen der GattungFusarium in Cerealien aus dem Erntejahr 1982 in Bayern. Bayer Landw Jahrb 1983; 61: 338–347.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Bauer J, Wermter E, Gedek B. Zur Kontamination von Futtermitteln mit toxinbildenden Fusarienstämmen und deren Toxinen. Wien tierärztl Mschr 1980; 67: 282–88.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Duben J, Fehrman H. Vorkommen und Pathogenität vonFusarium-Arten an Winterweizen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, I: Artenspektrum und jahreszeitliche Sukzession an der Halmbasis. J Plant Dis Prot 1979; 86: 638–52.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Häni F. Über Getreidefusariosen in der Schweiz: Saatgutbefall, Ährenbefall und Bodenkontamination. J. Plant Dis Prot 1980; 87: 257–80.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Rintelen J. Fusarienbefall an eingelagertem Futtergetreide der Ernten 1982 bis 1984 in Bayern. Bayr Landw Jahrb 1985; 62: 1019–24.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Schmidt B. Über das Vorkommen pathogener Pilze in Getreidesaatgut der Ernte 1969 in Nord- und Südbaden. Landwirtsch Forsch 1971; 26 (special issue): 202–8.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Schmidt B. Weitere Untersuchungen über das Vorkommen pathogener Pilze in Getreidesaatgut aus Nord- und Südbaden, Ernten 1970 und 1971. Landwirtsch Forsch 1973; 28 (special issue): 256–2.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Lepom P, Knabe O, Baath H. Vorkommen vonFusarium-Arten und ihren Mykotoxinen auf Silomais, 7: Mitt. Bildung von Deoxynivalenol (DON) in einem künstlich mitFusarium culmorum infizierten Silomaisbestand sowie der Einfluß der Silierung auf die Stabilität des gebildeten DON. Arch Anim Nutr (Berlin) 1990; 40: 1005–12.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Miller JD, Young JC, Trenholm HL.Fusarium toxins in field corn I: Time course of fungal growth and production of deoxynivalenol and other mycotoxins. Can J Bot. 1983; 61: 3080–87.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Engelhardt G, Schuster M, Lepschy J, Wallnöfer PR. Production of mycotoxins byFusarium species isolated in Germany, 1: Time course of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and zearalenone formation on solid substrates. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 1986; 182: 123–26.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Greenhalgh R, Neish GA, Miller JD. Deoxynivalenol, acetyl deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone formation by Canadian isolates ofFusarium graminearum on solid substrates. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 46: 625–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Yoshizawa T, Morooka N. Biological modification of trichothecene mycotoxins: Acetylation and deacetylation of deoxynivalenol byFusarium spp. Appl Microbiol 1975; 29: 54–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Richardson KE, Hagler Jr WM, Hamilton PB. Bioconversion of α-[14C] zearalenol and β-[14C] zearalenol into [14C] zearalenone byFusarium roseum ‘Gibbosum’. Appl Environm Microbiol 1984; 47: 1206–9.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Blaney BJ, Dodman RL. Production of the mycotoxins zearalenone, 4-deoxynivalenol and nivalenol by isolates ofFusarium graminearum groups 1 and 2 from cereals in Queensland. Aust J Agr Res 1988; 39: 21–29.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Ichinoe M, Kurata H, Sugiura Y, Ueno Y. Chemotaxonomy ofGibberella zeae with special reference to production of trochothecenes and zearalenone. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 46: 1364–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Logrieco A, Bottalico A, Altomare C. Chemotaxonomic observations on zearalenone and trichothecene production byGibberella zeae from cereals in southern Italy. Mycologia 1988; 80: 892–895.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Sydenham EW, Marasas, WFO, Thiel PG, Shepard GS, Nieuwenhuis JJ. Production of mycotoxins by selectedFusarium graminearum andF. crookwellense isolates. Food Add Contam 1991; 8: 31–41.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Sugiura Y, Watanabe Y. Tanaka T, Yamamoto S, Ueno Y. Occurrence ofGibberella zeae strains that produce both nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56: 3047–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Thrane U.Fusarium species and their specific profiles of secondary metabolites. In: Chelkowski J, ed.Fusarium, mycotoxins, taxonomy and pathogenicity. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989: 85–119.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Bauer J, Heinritzi K, Gareis M, Gedek B. Veränderungen am Genitaltrakt des weiblichen Schweines nach Verfütterung praxisrelevanter Zearalenonmengen. Tierärztl. Praxis 1987; 15: 33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Diekman MA, Green ML. Mycotoxins and reproduction in domestic livestock. J Animal Sci 1992; 70: 1615–27.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Trenholm HL, Friend DW, Hamilton RMG, Prelusky DB, Foster BC. Lethal toxicity and nonspecific effects. In: Beasley VR, ed. Trichothecene mycotoxicosis: Pathophysiologic effects Vol. 1. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1989: 107–41.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Trenholm H, Friend DW, Thompson BK. Prelusky DB. Effects of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol combinations fed to pigs. Proc Jap Assoc Mycotoxicol 1988; Suppl No 1: 101–02.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolf-Strasse 10, W 7000, Stuttgart, Germany

    Hans-Martin Müller & Klaus Schwadorf

Authors
  1. Hans-Martin Müller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Klaus Schwadorf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Müller, HM., Schwadorf, K. A survey of the natural occurrence ofFusarium toxins in wheat grown ina southwestern area of Germany. Mycopathologia 121, 115–121 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01103579

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01103579

Key words

Search

Navigation