Abstract
Different criteria have been suggested for decisions on character state recognition for morphological characters showing continuous variation from taxon to taxon. A method proposed byMishler andDe Luna seeks to recognize as many character states as the groups of taxon means that are revealed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by multiple range tests. We apply this method as a guide in decisions of selecting taxonomic characters in species of theBletia reflexa complex. Seven species of the complex, represented by 156 individuals belonging to 54 populations, were the terminal taxa of the study. Character state codes were assigned to 20 characters. These characters together with 12 non-quantitative characters were incorporated into cladistic analyses. Results indicate that the complex is monophyletic only under one outgroup combination.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Almeida, M. T., Bisby, F. A., 1984: A simple method for establishing taxonomic characters from measurement data. — Taxon33: 405–409.
Ames, O., Correll, D. S., 1985: Orchids of Guatemala and Belize. — New York: Dover.
Archie, J. W., 1985: Methods for coding variable morphological features for numerical taxonomic analyses. — Syst. Zool.34: 326–345.
Baum, B., 1988: A simple procedure for establishing discrete characters from measurement data, applicable to cladistics. — Taxon37: 63–70.
Burns-Balogh, P., Funk, V., 1986: A phylogenetic analysis of theOrchidaceae. — Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Chappill, J. A., 1989: Quantitative characters in phylogenetic analysis. — Cladistics6: 217–234.
De Luna, E., 1992: Integrating morphometric and cladistic analyses and the phylogenetic relationships within theHedwigiaceae (Musci). — Amer. J. Bot.79(6): 141 (abstract).
—,Mishler, B., 1991: Homology and the recognition of character states. — Amer. J. Bot.78(6): 178 (abstract).
Donoghue, M. J., Cantino, P. D., 1984: The logic and limitations of the outgroup substitution approach to cladistic analysis. — Syst. Bot.9: 192–202.
—,Olmstead, R. G., Smith, J. F., Palmer, J., 1992: Phylogenetic relationships ofDipsacales based onrbcL sequences. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.79: 33–345.
Dressler, R. L., 1968: Notes onBletia (Orchidaceae). — Brittonia20: 182–190.
—, 1993: Phylogeny and classification of the orchid family. — Portland, Oregon: Dioscorides Press.
Dunsterville, G. C. K., Garay, L. A., 1961: Venezuelan orchids illustrated. — London: Andre Deutsch.
Felsenstein, J., 1985: Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. — Evolution39: 783–791.
Foldats, E., 1970:Orchidaceae. — InLasser, T., (Ed.): Flora de Venezuela, pp. 486–493. — Caracas: Instituto Botánico.
Freudenstein, J. V., Rasmussen, F. N., 1996: Pollinium development and number in theOrchidaceae. — Amer. J. Bot.83: 813–824.
Garay, L. A., Sweet, H., 1964:Orchidaceae. — InHoward, R. A., (Ed.): Flora of Lesser Antilles. pp. 183–186. — Jamaica Plain: Harvard University, Arnold Arboretum.
Goldman, N., 1988: Methods for discrete coding of morphological characters for numerical analysis. — Cladistics4: 59–71.
Heijden, G. W. A. M. Van Der, Berg, R. G. Van Den, 1997: Quantitative assessment of corolla shape variation inSolanum sect.Petota by computer image analysis. — Taxon46: 49–64.
Kores, P. J., Movray, M., Darwin, S. P., 1993: Morphometric variation in three species ofCyrtostylis (Orchidaceae). — Syst. Bot.18: 274–282.
Maddison, W. P., Maddison, D. R., 1992: MacClade version 3. — Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
Mishler, B., De Luna, E., 1991: The use of ontogenetic data in phylogenetic analyses of mosses. — Advances Bryol.4: 121–167.
Nilsson, L. A., 1992: Orchid pollination biology. — Trends Ecol. Evol.7: 255–259.
Patterson, C., 1982: Morphological characters and homology. — InJoysey, K. A., Friday, A. E., (Eds): Problems of phylogenetic reconstruction, pp. 21–74. — London: Academic Press.
Pijl, L. van der, Dodson, C. H., 1966: Orchid flowers: their pollination and evolution. — Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami.
Pimentel, R. A., Riggins, R., 1987: The nature of cladistic data. — Cladistics3: 201–209.
Rohlf, F. J., Sokal, R. R., 1981: Statistical tables. — New York: Freeman.
Schweinfurth, C., 1958: Orchids of Peru. — Fieldiana, Bot.30: 562–566.
Simon, C., 1983: A new coding procedure for morphometric data with an example from periodical cicada wing veins. — InFelsenstein, J., (Ed.): Numerical taxonomy, pp. 378–382. — Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.
Sokal, R. R., Rohlf, F. J., 1981: Biometry. — San Francisco: Freeman.
Sosa, V., 1992: Systematic studies ofBletia (Orchidaceae). — Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
—, 1994: A revision of theBletia reflexa complex (Orchidaceae). — Lindleyana9: 7–18.
Stevens, P. F., 1984: Homology and phylogeny: morphology and systematics. — Syst. Bot.9: 395–409.
—, 1991: Character states, morphological variation, and phylogenetic analysis: a review. — Syst. Bot.16: 553–583.
Stsc, 1993: Statgraphics, version 6. Reference manual. — Rockville, Maryland: STSC.
Swofford, D. L., 1993: PAUP, phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. — Champaign: Illinois Natural History Survey.
—,Maddison, W. P., 1987: Reconstructing ancestral states under Wagner parsimony. — Math. Biosci.87: 199–299.
Thiele, K., 1993: The holy grail of the perfect character: the cladistic treatment of morphometric data. — Cladistics9: 275–304.
Thorpe, R. S., 1984: Coding morphometric characters for constructing distance Wagner networks. — Evolution38: 244–255.
Tremblay, R. L., 1992: Trends in the pollination ecology of theOrchidaceae: evolution and systematics. — Canad. J. Bot.70: 642–650.
Vrba, E. S., Vaisnys, J. R., Gatesy, J. E., Desalle, R., Wei, K.-Y., 1994: Analysis of paedomorphosis using allometric characters: the example of Reduncini antelopes (Bovidae, Mammalia). — Syst. Biol.43: 92–116.
Williams, L. O., Allen, P. A., 1980:Orchidaceae of Panama. — Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard.4: 1–115.
Zelditch, M. L., Fink, W. L., Swiderski, D. L., 1995: Morphometrics, homology, and phylogenetics: quantified characters as synapomorphies. — Syst. Biol.44: 179–189.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sosa, V., De Luna, E. Morphometrics and character state recognition for cladistic analyses in theBletia reflexa complex (Orchidaceae). Pl Syst Evol 212, 185–213 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01089739
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01089739