Skip to main content
Log in

The quality of student life: Toward a coherent conceptualization

  • Published:
Social Indicators Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Under various guises, the concept of the quality of student life (QSL) has received much attention in the higher education literature. Unfortunately, its various uses have in common that they all lack conceptual coherence. In an effort to remedy this situation, and render QSL useful for researchers, administrators and student services personnel, this paper does three things. First, a conceptual framework is used as a means of organizing a wide-ranging review of relevant literatures across several disciplines. Integration of the inferences derived yields a new formal definition of QSL. Next, building on a critique of four theoretical models of QSL, a new ecological formulation is advanced which stresses the need to consider various on- and off-campus contexts if efforts to assess student satisfaction and happiness are to be meaningful. Third, a number of salient methodological issues are examined in light of this formulation. To the extent that these approaches collectively yield a more coherent conceptualization of QSL, it is concluded that the idea of QSL deserves much greater prominence than it now enjoys.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbey, A. and F. M. Andrews: 1986, ‘Modeling the psychological determinants of life quality’, in F. M. Andrews (ed.), Research on the Quality of Life (Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI).

    Google Scholar 

  • Aleamoni, L. M. and L. Oboler, 1978, ‘ACT verses SAT in predicting first semester GPA’, Educational and Psychological Measurement 38, pp. 393–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, K. L.: 1982, ‘Social background, academic resources, and college graduation: Recent evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey’, American Journal of Education 90, pp. 315–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allan, L. G., A. L. Darling, R. C. Hughes, and J. M. Rosenfeld: 1983, ‘An examination of the performance of first year students at an Ontario university: An administrative perspective’, Canadian Journal of Higher Education 13(3), pp. 37–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, W. R.: 1981, ‘Correlates of Black student adjustment, achievement, and aspiration at a predominantly White Southern university’, in G. E. Thomas (ed.), Black Students in Higher Education: Conditions and Experiences in the 1970s (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT).

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, W. R.: 1985, ‘Black student, White campus: Structural, interpersonal and psychological correlates of success’, Journal of Negro Education 54, pp. 134–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, W. R.: 1988, ‘Improving Black student access and achievement in higher education’, Review of Higher Education 11, pp. 403–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambert, A.-M.: 1990, ‘Marital dissolution: Structural and ideological changes’, in M. Baker (ed.), Families: Changing Trends in Canada. 2nd Ed. (McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Toronto).

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, F. M. 1986, ‘Editor's Introduction’, in F. M. Andrews (ed.), Research on the Quality of Life (Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI).

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, F. M. and J. P. Robinson: 1991, ‘Measures of subjective well-being’, in J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, and L. S. Wrightman (eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes (Academic, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, F. M. and S. B. Withey: 1976, Social Indicators of Well-Being: Americans' Perception of Life Quality (Plenum, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anisef, P., M.-A., Bertrand, U. Hortian, and C. E. James: 1986, Accessibility to Post-secondary Education in Canada: A Review of the Literature (Educational Branch, Department of the Secretary of State, Ottawa).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anson, J.: 1988, ‘Mortality and living conditions: Relative mortality levels and their relation to the physical quality of life in urban populations’, Social Science and Medicine 27, pp. 901–910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonovsky, A.: 1988, Unraveling the Mystery of Health: How People Manage Stress and Stay Well (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyle, M.: 1987, The Psychology of Happiness (Methuen, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyle, M. and M. Henderson: 1985, The Anatomy of Relationships (Heinemann, London: Penguin, Harmondsworth).

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A.: 1977, Four Critical Years: Effects of College on Beliefs, Attitudes, and Knowledge (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A.: 1982, ‘Why not try some new ways of measuring quality’, Educational Record 63, pp. 10–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A.: 1984, ‘Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education’, Journal of College Student Personnel 25, pp. 287–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A., W. Korm, and K. Green: 1987, ‘Retaining and satisfying students’, Educational Record 68(1), pp. 36–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A. W.: 1993, ‘An empirical typology of college students’, Journal of College Student Development 34, pp. 36–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avaro, D. and L. Hanley: 1989, The Health of Canada's Children: A CICH Profile (Canadian Institute of Health, Ottawa).

    Google Scholar 

  • Averill, J. R.: 1983, ‘Studies on anger and aggression: Implications for theories of emotion’, American Psychologist 38, pp. 1145–1160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babbitt, C. E. and H. J. Burbach: 1985, ‘Women and the college environment: A study of organizational satisfaction, compliance and academic achievement’, Sociological Focus 18, pp. 37–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baird, L. L.: 1988, ‘The college environment revisited: A review of research and theory’, in J. C. Smart (ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research. Vol. 4 (Agathon, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baird, L. L.: 1984, ‘Relations between ability, college attendance, and family income’, Research in Higher Education 21, pp. 373–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, H. S.: 1989, ‘If Rocky goes to college: Dilemmas of working-class college students’, Adolescent Psychiatry 16, pp. 70–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banta T. W. and Associates (eds.): 1991, Assessing Quality in Higher Education. Proceedings of the Third International Conference (Bath College of Higher Education, Bath, UK).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, G. 1977, ‘The thing of it is’, in M. Katz, W. Marsh, and G. Thompson (eds.), Explorations of Planetary Culture at the Lindisfarne Conference: Earth's Answer (Harper & Row, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, G.: 1979, Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity (Dutton, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baxter Magolda, M. B.: 1992, Knowing and Reasoning in College: Gender-Related Patterns in Students' Intellectual Development (Josey-Bass, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, J. W.: 1992, ‘Self-reported gains in academic and social skills’, Journal of College Student Development 33(6), pp. 492–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bean, J. P. and R. K. Bradley: 1986, ‘Untangling the satisfaction-performance relationship for college students’, Journal of Higher Education 57, pp. 393–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beatty-Guenter, P.: 1992, ‘A typology of retention strategies at community colleges’, Unpublished MS (School of Education, University of California).

  • Becker, H. S., B. Geer, and E. C. Hughes: 1968, Making the Grade: The Academic Side of College (Wiley, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bednarz, J.: 1984, ‘Complexity and intersubjectivity: Towards the theory of Nikolas Luhmann’, Human Studies 7, pp. 55–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, M.: 1988a, Student Development and Family Systems: Critical Review and Implications for Theory and Practice. Student Development Monograph Series, Vol. 2 (Guelph, Ontario: University of Guelph, Student-Environment Study Group ERIC ED346792).

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, M.: 1988b, Residence Life Systems and Student Development: A Critical Review and Reformulation. Student Development Monograph Series, Vol. 3 (Guelph, Ontario: University of Guelph, Student-Environment Study Group, ERIC ED346793).

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, M.: 1990, Freshman Daily Experience: Implications for Policy, Research and Theory. Student Development Monograph Series, Vol. 4 (Guelph, Ontario: University of Guelph, Student-Environment Study Group, ERIC ED346794).

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, G. A. H., A. Kaszniak, and S. B. Shanfield: 1986, ‘The role of legal education in producing psychological distress among law students and lawyer’, American Bar Association Research Journal, 2, pp. 225–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, P. and H. Kellner: 1964, ‘Marriage and the construction of reality: An exercise in the microsociology of Knowledge’, Diogenes 46, pp. 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, P. L. and T. Luckmann: 1966, The Social Construction of Reality (Doubleday, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Billson, J. M. and T. Brooks: 1987, ‘A student retention model for high education’, College and University 62, pp. 290–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billson, J. M. and M. B. Terry: 1982, ‘In search of the silken purse: Factors in attrition among first-generation students’, College and University 57, pp. 57–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birnbaum, R.: 1988, How Colleges Work: The Cybernetics of Academic Organization and Leadership (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blimling, G. S.: 1989, ‘A meta-analysis of the influence of college residence halls on academic performance’, Journal of College Student Development 30, pp. 298–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, B. S., M. D. Engelhart, E. J. Furst, W. H. Hill, and D. R. Krathwohl: 1956, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain (Mackay, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum, H. M., M. H. Boyle, and D. R. Offord: 1988, ‘Single-parent families: Child psychiatric disorder and school performance’, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 27, pp. 214–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogue, E. G. and R. L. Saunders: 1992, The Evidence for Quality: Strengthening the Tests of Academic and Administrative Effectiveness (Josey-Bass, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, R., D. Bartlett, and J. Bohnsack: 1992, J. ‘An examination of the relationship between happiness, loneliness, and shyness in college students’, Journal of College Student Development 33, pp. 157–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P.: 1977, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Trans. R. Nice) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowles, S.: 1977, ‘Unequal education and the reproduction of the social division of labor’, in J. Karabel and A. H. Halsey (eds.), Power and Ideology in Education (Oxford University Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, E. L.: 1987, College: The Undergraduate Experience in American (Harper and Row, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Braxton, J. M., 1991, ‘The influence of graduate department quality on the sanctioning of scientific misconduct’, Journal of Higher Education 62(1), pp. 87–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breunlin, D. C.: 1989, ‘Clinical implications of oscillation theory: Family development and the process of change’, in C. N. Ramsey Jr. (ed.), Family Systems in Medicine (Guilford, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody, J. G. and G. R. Hanson: 1979, Assessing students' perceptions of quality of educational life (Paper presented at the APA Division 17 Symposium, New York, NY).

  • Bronfenbrenner, U.: 1979, The Ecology of Human Development (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U., P. Moen, and J. Garbarino: 1984, ‘Child, family, and community’, in R. D. Parke (ed.), Review of Child Development Research, Vol. 7: The Family (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks Terry, M.: 1988: ‘Tracing the disadvantages of first-generation college students: An application of Sussman's option sequence model’, in S. K. Steinmetz (ed.), Family and Support Systems Across the Life Span (Plenum, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. D.: 1982, ‘Quality of student values: An agenda for the profession’.

  • Brown, G. W. and T. Harris: 1978, Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women (Tavistock, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burbach, H. J. and M. A. Thompson: 1971, ‘Alienation among college freshmen: A comparison of Puerto Rican, Black and White students’, Journal of College Student Personnel 12, pp. 248–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butters, J. M., J. N. Williams, and L. J. Abbott: 1991, ‘Quality assessment/assurance activities in U.S. dental schools’, Journal of Dental Education 55, pp. 565–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A., P. E. Converse, and W. L. Rogers: 1976, ‘The Quality of American Life (Russel Sage, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M. D., L. G. Wilson, and G. R. Hanson: 1980, The Invisible Minority: A Study of Adult University Students (Final Report to the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, Austin, TX).

  • Capella, B. J., M. Wagner, and J. A. Kusmierz: 1982, ‘Relationship of study habits and attitudes to academic performance’, Psychological Reports 50, pp. 593–594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnoy, M.: 1974, Education as Cultural Imperialism (Longman, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cater, R. T. and E. E. Parks: 1992, ‘White ethnic group membership and cultural value preferences’, Journal of College Student Development 33(6), pp. 499–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Center for Instructional Development: 1992, Student Perceptions of Student Life (Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Centre for Higher Education Studies: 1992, ‘Identifying and developing a quality ethos for teaching in higher education’ (Institute of Education, Newsletter 2, London, UK).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalfant, H. P.: 1985, Sociology of Poverty in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography (Greenwood, Westport, CN).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain, K. and S. Zika: 1992, Stability and change in subjective well-being over short time periods’, Social Indicators Research 26, pp. 101–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B. R.: 1960, ‘The cooling-out function in higher education’, American Journal of Sociology 65, pp. 569–576.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B. R.: 1980, ‘Cooling out function revisited’, New Directions for Community Colleges 32, pp. 15–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, S. M. and D. R. Lewis: 1988, ‘Faculty vitality: Context, concerns, and prospects’, in J. C. Smart (ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, Vol. 4 (Agathon, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifton, R. A., D. Mandzuk, and L. W. Roberts: in press, ‘The alienation of undergraduate education students: A case study of a Canadian university’, Journal of Education for Teaching.

  • Clotfelter, C. R., M. G. Ehrenberg, and J. Siegreid: 1991, Economic Challenges in Higher Education (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J.: 1987, ‘Parents as educational models and definers’, Journal of Marriage and the Family 49, pp. 339–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., G. Evans, D. Stokols, and D. Krantz: 1986, Behavior, Health, and Environmental Stress (Plenum, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Colclough, G. and E. M. Beck: 1986, ‘The American educational structure and the reproduction of social class’, Sociological Inquiry 56, pp. 456–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colman, C.: 1986, ‘International family therapy: A view from Kyoto, Japan’, Family Process 25, pp. 651–664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colon, F.: 1980, ‘The family life cycle of the multiproblem poor family’, in E. A. Carter and M. McGoldrick (eds.), The Family Life Cycle: A Framework for Family Therapy (Gardner, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Connelly, C. D. and M. A. Straus: 1992, ‘Mother's age and risk for physical abuse’, Child Abuse & Neglect 16, pp. 709–718.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cookson P. W. Jr and C. H. Persell, 1985, Preparing for Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools (Basic, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Craft, A. (ed.): 1992, Quality Assurance in Higher Education: Proceedings of an International Conference (Falmer, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Creed, F.: 1993, ‘Stress and Psychosomatic disorders’, in L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz (eds.), Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects, 2nd Ed. (Free Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M.: 1988a, ‘The flow experience and its significance for human psychology’, in M. Csikszentmihalyi, and I.S. Csikszentmihalyi (eds.), Optimal Experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M.: 1988b, ‘The future of flow’, in M. Csikszentmihalyi and I. S. Csikszentmihalyi (eds.), Optimal Experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (eds.): 1988, Optimal Experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. and R. Larson: 1984, Being Adolescent: Conflict and Growth in the Teenage Years (Basic, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. and E. Rochberg-Halton: 1981, The Meaning of Things: Domestic Symbols and the Self (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • CVCP Academic Audit Unit: Notes for the Guidance of Auditors (Scotland), 1991.

  • D'Andrade, R. G.: 1984, ‘Cultural meaning system’, in R. A. Shweder and R. A. LeVine (eds.), Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK).

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, E. E. and M. Fine-Davis: 1991, ‘Social indicators of living conditions in Ireland with European comparisons’, Social Indicators Research 25, pp. 103–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLongis, A., J. Coyne, G. Dakof, S. Folkman, and R. Lazarus: 1982, ‘Relationship of daily hassles, uplifts, and major life events to health status’, Health Psychology 1, pp. 119–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denzin, N. K.: 1978, The research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Research (McGraw Hill, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Denzin, N. K.: 1984, On Understanding Emotion (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVore, J. R.: 1983, The Ecology of Student Satisfaction: An Empirical Study (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, St. Louis University).

  • Devore, W. and E. G. Schlesinger: 1987, Ethnic-Sensitive Social Work Practice. 2nd Ed. (Macmillan, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutscher, I.: 1973, What We Say/What We Do: Sentiments and Acts (Scott, Foresman, Glenview, IL).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. and A. F. Bentley: 1949/1975, Knowing and the Known (Greenwood Press, Westport, CN).

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E.: 1984, ‘Subjective well-being’, Psychological Bulletin 95, pp. 542–575.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dohrenwend, B. P., K. G. Raphael, S. Schwartz, A. Stueve, and A. Skokol: 1993, ‘The Structured event probe and narrative rating method for measuring stressful life events’, in L. Goldberger and S Breznitz (eds.), Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects, 2nd Ed. (Free Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Douthitt, R. A., M. Macdonald, and R. Mulli: 1992, ‘The relationship between measures of subjective and economic well-being: A new look’, Social Indicators Research 26, pp. 407–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Economic Council of Canada: 1992, A Lot to Learn: Education and Training in Canada (Minister of Suppy and Services Canada, Ottawa).

    Google Scholar 

  • Endo, J. J.: 1990, ‘Assessing the educational performance of minority students: The case of Asian and Pacific Americans’, New Directions for Institutional Research 65, pp. 37–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, G. L.: 1977, ‘The need for a new medical model: Challenge for biomedicine’, Science 196, pp. 129–136.

  • Erwin, T. D.: 1991, Assessing: Student Learning and Development (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewell, P. T.: 1991, ‘Assessment and public accountability: Back to the future’, Change Nov/Dec.

  • Ewell, P. T.: 1988, ‘Outcomes, assessment, and academic improvement: In search of usable knowledge’, in J. C. Smart (ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, Vol. 4 (Agathon, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewell, P. T. and D. P. Jones: 1991, ‘Assessing and reporting student progress: A response to the “new accountability”’, State Higher Education Executive Officers.

  • Faris, R. E. L. and H. Dunham: 1939, Mental Disorders in Urban Areas (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).

    Google Scholar 

  • Finifter, D. H., R. G. Baldwin, and J. R. Thelin: 1991, 'The Uneasy Public Policy Triangle in Higher Education: Quality, Diversity, and Budgetary Efficiency (Macmillan, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Forgas, J. P.: 1982, ‘Episode cognition: Internal representations of interaction routines’, in L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Adademic, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Franenhaeuser, M.: 1975a, ‘Experimental approaches to the study of catecholamines and emotion’, in L. Levi (ed.), Emotions: Their Parameters and Measurement (Raven, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Franenhaeuser, M.: 1975b, ‘Sympathetic-adrenomedullary activity, behavior, and the psychosocial environment’, in P. H. Venables and M. J. Christie (eds.), Research in Psychophysiology (Wiley, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankenhaeuser, M.: 1979, ‘Psychoneuroendocrine approaches to the study of stressful person-environment interactions’, in H. Selye (ed.), Selye's Guide to Stress Research (Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulmer, R. H.: 1988, ‘Lower-income and professional families: A comparison of structure and life cycle processes’, in B. Carter and M. McGoldrick (eds.), The Changing Family Life Cycle: A Framework for Family Therapy, 2nd Ed. (Gardner, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gecas, V.: 1979, ‘The influence of social class on socialization’, in W. R. Burr, R. Hill, F. I. Nye, and I. L. Reiss (eds.), Contemporary Theories of the Family, Vol. 1 (Free Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, K. J.: 1985, ‘The social constructionist movement in modern psychology’, American Psychologist 40, pp. 266–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geulen, D.: 1986, ‘The conditions of human development: Implications of socialization research for development theory’, in P. L. C. van Geert (ed.), Theory Building in Developmental Psychology. Advances in Psychology 36 (North-Holland, Amsterdam).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillon, R.: 1986, ‘Suicide and voluntary euthenasia: Historical perspective’, in A. B. Downing, and B. Smoker (eds.), Voluntary Euthanasia: Experts Debate the Right to Die (Peter Owne, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberger, L. and S. Breznitz (eds.): 1993, Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects, 2nd Ed. (Free Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, L. D. and E. A. Stevens: 1993, ‘The influence of gender on university faculty members' perceptions of “good” teaching’, Journal of Higher Education 64, pp. 166–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, B. H.: 1987, ‘Using social support to protect and promote health’, Journal of Primary Prevention 8, pp. 49–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graig, E.: 1993, ‘Stress as a consequence of the urban physical environment’, in L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz (eds.), Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects, 2nd Ed. (Free Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, B. L.: 1982, ‘Assessing levels of psychological impairment following disaster’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 17, pp. 544–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guppy, N. and V. Bednarski: 1992, Enhancing Student Retention in Hight Education: A Literature Review (B.C. Council on Admission and Transfers, Vancouver).

    Google Scholar 

  • Handal, P. J. and C. Moore: 1987, ‘The influence of physical, psychosocial, and sociocultural supplies on mental health and life satisfaction: A test of Caplan's supply model’, Journal of Primary Prevention 7, pp. 132–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, G. R. and B. R. Price: 1992, ‘Academic program review’, in M. A. Whitely, J. D. Porter and R. H. Fenske (eds.), The Primer for Institutional Research. Resources for Institutional Research; #7 (Association for Institutional Research, Tallahassee, Florida).

    Google Scholar 

  • Headley, B., R. Veenhoven, and H. Wearing: 1991, ‘Top-down versus bottom up theories of subjective well-being’, Social Indicators Research 24, pp. 71–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heichberger, R. L.: 1991, ‘Quality in college teaching: Effective elements’, College Student Journal 25, pp. 207–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Held, B. S. and D. C. Bellows,: 1983, ‘A family systems approach to crisis reactions in college students’, Journal of Marriage and Family Therapy 9, pp. 365–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendel, D. D.: 1985, ‘Effects of individualized and structured college curricula on students' performance and satisfaction’, American Educational Research Journal 22, pp. 117–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendershott, A. B., S. P. Wright, and D. Henderson: 1992, ‘Quality of life correlates for university students’, NASPA Journal 30(1), pp. 11–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendricks, G.: 1975, ‘University registration systems: A study of social process’, Human Organization 34, pp. 173–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heverly, M. A.: 1992, ‘Total quality management’, in M. A. Whitely, J. D. Porter, and R. H. Fenske (eds.), The Primer for Institutional Research. Resources for Institutional Research, #7 (Association for Institutional Research, Tallahassee, Florida).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hines, P. M.: 1988, ‘The family life cycle of poor black families’, in B. Carter and M. McGoldrick (eds.), The Changing Family Life Cycle: A Framework for Family Therapy. 2nd Ed. (Gardner, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E.: 1988, The Ecology of Stress (Hemisphere, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E. and A. Vaux: 1993, ‘Social support: Social resources and social context’, in L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz (eds.), Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects. 2nd Ed. (Free Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll S. E. and S. Walfisch: 1986, ‘Stressful events, mastery and depression: An evaluation of crisis theory’, Journal of Community Psychology 14, pp. 183–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochschild, A. R.: 1979, ‘Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure’, American Journal of Sociology 85, pp. 551–575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, D. C. and M. A. Eisenhart: 1990, Educated in Romance; Women Achievement, and College Culture (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollinghead, A. A. and F. C. Redlich: 1958, Social Class and Mental Illness (Harper, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, R. R.: 1993, ‘Occupational stress’, in L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz (eds.), Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects, 2nd Ed. (Free Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • House, J. S.: 1986, ‘Social support and the quality and quantity of life’, in F. M. Andrews (ed.), Research on the Quality of Life (Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI).

    Google Scholar 

  • House, J. S., D. Umberson, and K. R. Landis: 1988, ‘Structure and process of social support’, Annual Review of Sociology 14, pp. 293–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglehart, R. and J.-R. Rabier: 1986, ‘Aspirations adapt to situations — but why are the Belgians so much happier than the French? A cross-cultural analysis of the subjective quality of life’, in F. M. Andrews (ed.), Research on the Quality of Life (Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, A. D., J. C. Coyne, C. Schaefer, and R. S. Lazarus: 1981, ‘Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events’, Journal of Behavioral Medicine 4, pp. 1–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, R. N. and R. P. West: 1992, ‘Sustaining excellence in the 21st century: A vision and strategy for college and university administrators’, Professional Paper Series No. 8, CAUSE.

  • Kaufman, M. A. and D. G. Creamer: 1991, ‘Influence of student goals for college on freshman-year quality of effort and growth’, Journal of College Student Development 32, pp. 197–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, G.: 1992, ‘Increasing quality on campus: What should colleges do about TQM mania?’, Change May/June, pp. 48–51.

  • Kells, H.: 1991, ‘Incentives and planned change: The use of incentives in university evaluation processes’, Higher Education Management 3(2), pp. 159–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinney, P. and M. J. Miller: 1988, ‘The relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement’, College Student Journal 22, pp. 358–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman, A.: 1983, ‘The cultural meanings and social use of illness’, Journal of Family Practice 16, pp. 539–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobasa, S. C.: 1979, ‘Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquity into hardiness’, Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 37, pp. 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knox, W. E., P. Lindsay, and M. N. Kolb: 1992, ‘Higher education, college characteristics, and student experiences’, Journal of Higher Education 63(3), pp. 303–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohn, M. L.: 1973, ‘Social class and schizophrenia: A clinical review and a reformulation’, Schizophrenia Bulletin 7, pp. 60–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohn, M. L.: 1983, ‘On the transmission of values in the family: A preliminary formulation’, Research in the Sociology of Education and Socialization 4.

  • Komarovsky, M.: 1985, Women in College: Shaping New Feminine Identities (Basic, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuh, G. D.: 1982, Towards enhancing the quality of student life (Paper presented at the meeting of the ACPA Executive Council, Detroit).

  • Kuh, G. D.: 1989, ‘Organizational concepts and influences’, in U. Delworth, G. R. Hanson and Associates (eds.), Student Services: A Handbook for the Profession (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuh, G. D. and R. E. Andreas: 1991, ‘It's about time: Using qualitative methods in student life studies’, Journal of College Student Development 32, pp. 397–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuh, G. D., J. H. Schuh, E. J. Whitt, and Associates: 1991, Involving Colleges: Successful Approaches to Fostering Student Learning and Development Outside the Classroom (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Landua, D.: 1992, ‘An attempt to clarify satisfaction changes: Methodological and content aspects of a longitudinal problem’, Social Indicators Research 26, pp. 221–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, H.: 1992, Service Quality in Student Housing. Unpublished MS, University of Guelph (Canada).

  • Larson, R.: 1978, ‘Thirty years of research on the subjective well-being of older Americans’, Journal of Gerontology 33, pp. 109–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, R. and M. Csikszentmihalyi: 1983, ‘The experience sampling method’, in H. T. Reis (ed.), Naturalistic Approaches to Studying Interaction. NRE Directions for Methodology of Social and Behavioral Science, #15 (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawler, E. III: 1977, ‘Improving the quality of work life: Reward systems’, in J. Hackman and J. Suttle (eds.), Improving Life at Work: Behavioral Science Approaches to Organizational Change, Goodyear, Santa Monica, CA.

  • Lawler, E. E., D. A. Nadler, and C. Cammann (eds.): 1980, Organizational Assessment (Wiley, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S.: 1991, Emotion and Adaptation (Oxford University Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. and S. Folkman: 1987, ‘Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping’, European Journal of Personality 1, pp. 141–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R. M.: 1989, ‘Individual development and the family system: A life-span perspective’, in K. Kreppner and R. M. Lerner (eds.), Family Systems and Life-Span Development (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, A and Associates: 1989, Shaping Higher Education's Future: Demographic Realities and Opportunities, 1990–2000 (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, D. U. and R. J. Havighurst: 1984, ‘Society and Education, 6th ed. (Allyn and Bacon, Boston).

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitz, R.: 1992a, ‘Minority student retention’, Recruitment and Retention, April, 4–5.

  • Levitz, R.: 1992b, ‘Measuring institutional effectiveness’, Recruitment and Retention, June, 5–6.

  • Lewin, K.: 1936, Principles of Topological Psychology (McGraw-Hill, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, I.: 1984, The Student Experience in Higher Education (Croom Helm, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Light, R. J.: 1990, The Harvard Assessment Seminars, First Report (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Light, R. J.: 1992, The Harvard Assessment Seminars, Second Report (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, G. D. and D. D. Witt: 1986, ‘Early marriage as a career contingency: The prediction of educational attainment’, Journal of Marriage and the Family 48, pp. 783–794.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luhmann, N.: 1982, The Differentiation of Society (Columbia University Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Madrazo-Peterson, R. and M. Rodriguez: 1978, ‘Minority students' perception of a university environment’, Journal of College Student Personnel 19, pp. 259–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Managan, K.: 1992, ‘Despite enrolment gains, hispanics' college-going rate changes little in decade’, Chronicle of Higher Education, Feb. 26, pp. A36–7.

  • Manning, K.: 1992, ‘A rationale for using qualitative research in student affairs’, Journal of College Student Development 33, pp. 132–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, C., Y. S. Lincoln, and A. E. Austin: 1991, ‘Integrating a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the quality of academic life’, in D. M. Fetterman (ed.), Using Qualitative Methods in Institutional Research. New Directions for Institutional Research (#72) 18(4), pp. 65–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, J.: 1971, ‘A re-evaluation of the concept of “non-specificity” in stress research’, Journal of Psychiatric Research 8, pp. 323–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathiasen, R. E.: 1984, ‘Predicting college academic achievement: A research review’, College Student Journal 18, pp. 380–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayhew L. B., P. J. Ford, and D. L. Hubbard: 1990, The Quest for Quality: The Challenge for Undergraduate Education (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maclean's Magazine: 1991, ‘A Measure of Excellence: Ranking the Universities’, October 21, pp. 12–68.

  • McCracken, G.: 1988, The Long Interview. Qualitative Research Method Series, Vol. 13 (Sage, Newbury Park, CA).

    Google Scholar 

  • McGoldrick, M.: 1982, ‘Ethnicity and family therapy: An overview’, in M. McGoldrick, J. K. Pearce, and J. Giordano (eds.), Ethnicity and Family Therapy (Guilford, NY).

  • McGoldrick, M.: 1988: ‘Ethnicity and the family life cycle’, in B. Carter and M. McGlordrick (eds.), The Changing Family Life Cycle: A Framework for Family Therapy. 2nd Ed. (Gardner, NY).

  • McLanahan, S.: 1992, ‘Intergenerational consequences of divorce: The United States perspective’, in L. Weitzman and M. Maclean (eds.), Economic Consequences of Divorce: The International Perspective (Clarendon Press, Oxford).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, G. P.: 1979, Student Stereotypes for Adaptation in the Academic Arena: A Description of Collective Behaviour at One University, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Toronto.

  • Michalos, A. C.: 1985, ‘Multiple Discrepancies theory (MDT)’, Social Indicators Research 16(4), pp. 347–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michalos, A. C.: 1986, ‘Job satisfaction, marital satisfaction, and quality of life: A review and a preview’, in F. M. Andrews (ed.), Research on the Quality of Life (Survey Research Center, Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan).

    Google Scholar 

  • Michalos, A. C.: 1991a, Global Report on Student Well-Being. Volume I: Life Satisfaction and Happiness (Springer-Verlag, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Michalos, A. C.: 1991b, Global Report on Student Well-Being. Volume II: Family, Friends, Living Partner, and Self-Esteem (Springer-Verlag, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Michalos, A. C.: 1993a, Global Report on Student Well-Being. Volume III: Employment, Finances, Housing, and Transportation (Springer-Verlag, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Michalos, A. C.: 1993b, Global Report on Student Well-Being. Volume IV: Religion, Education, Recreation, and Health (Springer-Verlag, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P. H.: 1989, Theories of Developmental Psychology. 2nd Ed. (Freeman, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, T. W.: 1993, ‘The assessment of stressful life events’, in L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz (eds.), Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects. 2nd Ed. (Free Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. M. L. and M. Parlett: 1976, ‘Cue-consciousness’, in M. Hammersley and P. Woods (eds.), The Process of Schooling: A Sociological Reader (Open University Press and Routledge and Kegan Paul, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Minuchin, S.: 1984, Family Kaleidoscope: Images of Violence and Healing (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell R. G. Jr.: 1988, ‘Sociological implications of the flow experience’, in M. Csikszentmihalyi and I. S. Csikszentmihalyi (eds.), Optimal Experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyake, K., J. J. Campos, J. Kegan, and D. L. Bradshaw: 1986, ‘Issues in socioemotional development’, in H. Stevenson, H. Azuma, and K. Hakuta (eds.), Child Development and Education in Japan (Freeman, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moffat, M.: 1991, ‘Undergraduate culture and higher education’, Journal of Higher Education 62(1), pp. 44–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mow, S. L and M. T. Nettles: 1990, ‘Minority student access to, and persistence and performance in, college: A review of trends and research literature’, in J. C. Smart (ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, Vol. 6 (Agathon, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullis, R. J.: 1992, ‘Measures of economic well-being as predictors of psychological well-being’, Social Indicators Research 26, pp. 119–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musschenga, A. W.: 1990, ‘Moral justification of the killing of incompetent patients’, in A. O. A. Smook and B. Vos-Schippers (eds.), Right to Self-Determination (VU University Press, Amsterdam)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadler, D. A. and M. L. Tushman: 1980, ‘A congruence model for organizational assessment’, in E. E. Lawler, D. A. Nadler, and C. Cammann (eds.), Organizational Assessment (Wiley, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa, R. and D. J. Espinoza: 1992, ‘Educational Achievement and the adaptive strategy of Asian American college students: Facts, theory, and hypothesis’, Journal of College Student Development 33, pp. 137–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nettles, M. T.: 1990, Editor's Notes, New Directions for Institutional Research 65, i.

  • Nettles, M. T. and J. R. Johnson: 1987, ‘Race, sex, and other factors as determinants of college students' socialization’, Journal of College Student Personnel 28, pp. 512–524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nettles, M. T., A. R. Theony, and E. J. Grosman: 1986, ‘Comparative and predictive analyses of Black and White students' college achievement and experiences’, Journal of Higher Education 57, pp. 289–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newson, J. and E. Newson: 1976, Seven Years Old in the Home Environment (Pelican, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieves, W. and M. Valle: 1982, ‘The Puerto Rican family: Conflicting roles for the Puerto Rican college student’, Journal of Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance 10, pp. 154–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, J. P. and R. L. Sawyer: 1989, ‘Predicting grades in college freshman English and Mathematics courses’, Journal of College Student Development 30, pp. 345–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noel, L., R. Levitz, D. Saluri and Associates (eds.): 1985, Increasing Student Retention: Effective Programs and Practices for Reducing the Dropout Rate (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Offord, D. R. and M. H. Boyle: 1987, ‘Morbidity among welfare children in Ontario’, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 32, pp. 518–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong, J.: 1989, A Study of Higher Education Achievements of Asian Americans in the Sciences (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ontario Council on University Affairs: 1991, Academic Program Quality Reviews (Ontario Council on University Affairs, Working Paper, Ottawa).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz, V. and C. H. Arce: 1986, ‘Quality of life among persons of Mexican descent’, in F. M. Andrews (ed.), Research on the Quality of Life (Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouellette, S. C.: 1993, ‘Inquiries into hardiness’, in L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz (eds.), Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects, 2nd ed (Free Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pace, C. R.: 1984, ‘Measuring the Quality of College Student Experiences: An Account of the Development and Use of the College Student Experiences Questionnaire’ (Higher Education Research Institute, University of California, ERIC ED255099, LA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pace, C. R.: 1990, The Undergraduates (UCLA Center for the Study of Evaluation, LA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, M.: 1990, ‘Lone parent families and the socioeconomic achievement of children as adults’, Journal of Comparative Family Students 21, pp. 353–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascarella, E. T. and P. T. Terenzini: 1991, How College Affects Students: Findings and Insights from Thirty Years of Research (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, M. J.: 1991, ‘Qualitative research on college students: Philosophical and methodological comparison with quantitative approaches’, Journal of College Student Development 32, pp. 389–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, M. Q.: 1990, Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. 2nd Ed. (Sage, Newbury Park, CA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedrini, D. T., D. L. Trichler, and B. C. Pedrini: 1984, ‘Prediction of college freshman grade point average and attrition/persistent: ANOVA, MANOVA, MULREG, CANCOR’, College Student Journal 18, pp. 18–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Persell, C. H., S. Catsambis, and P. W. Cookson Jr.: 1992, ‘Family background, school type, and college attendance: Conjoint system of cultural capital transmission’, Journal of Research on Adolescence 2(1), pp. 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, M. W., R. T. Blackburn, Z. F. Gamson, C. H. Arce, R. W. Davenport, and J. R. Mingle: 1978, Black Students on White Campuses: The Impact of Increased Black Enrollments (Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pike, R. M.: 1981, ‘Sociological research in higher education in English Canada, 1970–1980: A thematic review’, Canadian Journal of Higher Education 21(2), pp. 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilot Quality Assessment: Working Document (Scotland), 1992.

  • Pines, A. M.: 1993, ‘Burnout’, in L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz (eds.), Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects, 2nd Ed. (Free Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Queen's University: 1992, Queen's Index: 20 Indicator of Performance (Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Special Supplement).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabkin, J. G.: 1993, ‘Stress and psychiatric disorders’, in L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz (eds.), Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects, 2nd Ed. (Free Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsden, P. and N. J. Entwhistle: 1981, ‘Effects of academic departments on students' approaches to studying’, British Journal of Educational Psychology 51, pp. 368–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey, C. N. Jr. (ed.): 1989, Family Systems in Medicine (Guilford, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, D.: 1981, The Family's Construction of Reality (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, D.: 1989, ‘Families and their paradigms: An ecologic approach to understanding the family and its social world’, in C. N. Ramsey Jr. (ed.), Family Systems in Medicine (Guilford, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Riegel, K. F.: 1975, ‘Adult life crises: Toward a dialectic theory of development’, in N. Datan and L. H. Ginsberg (eds.), Life-Span Developmental Psychology: Normal Life Crises (Academic, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, S. B., K. P. Lese and S. M. Herrick: 1993, ‘Interactions between goal instability and social support on college freshman adjustment’, Journal of Counseling and Development 71, pp. 343–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, L. W. and R. A. Clifton: 1991, Measuring the quality of life of university students (University of Manitoba, Centre for Higher Education Research and Development, Winnipeg, Research Monograph Series, Vol. 1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, L. W. and R. A. Clifton: 1992a, ‘Measuring the affective quality of life of university students: The validation of an instrument’, Social Indicators Research 27, pp. 113–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, L. W. and R. A. Clifton: 1992b, ‘Measuring the cognitive domain of the quality of student life: An instrument for faculties of education’, Canadian Journal of Education 17(2), pp. 176–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R. F.: 1980, ‘Theories underlying student development’, in D. Creamer (ed.), Student Development in Higher Education (American College Personnel Association, Alexendia, VA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossides, D. W.: 1976, The American Class System: An Introduction to Social Stratification (Houghton Mifflin, Boston).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryerse, C.: 1990, Child Poverty in Canada: A Review of the Effects of Poverty on Children (National Youth in Care Network, Ottawa).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabatelli, R. M.: 1984, ‘The Marital Comparison Level Index: A measure for assessing outcomes relative to expectations’, Journal of Marriage and the Family 46, pp. 651–661.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanford, N.: 1962, ‘Developmental status of the entering freshman’, in N. Sanford (ed.), The American College (Wiley, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schutz, A. and T. Luckmann: 1973, The Structures of the Life-World (Northwestern University Press, Evanston, IL).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, M. A. and O. P. Wiggins: 1986, ‘Systems and the structuring of meaning: Contributions to a biopsychosocial medicine’, American Journal of Psychiatry 143, pp. 1213–1221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. and B. G. Link: 1991, ‘Sociological perspectives on mental health: An integrative approach’, in D. Offer and M. Sabshin (eds.), The Diversity of Normal Behavior: Further Contributions to Normatology (Basic, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeman, M.: 1991, ‘Alienation and anomie’, in J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver and L. S. Wrightman (eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes (Academic, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Segall, M. H., D. T. Campbell and M. J. Merskovits: 1966, The Influence of Culture on Visual Perception (Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis, MN).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewell, W. H. and R. M. Hauser: 1980, ‘The Wisconsin longitudinal study of social and psychological factors in aspirations and achievements’, Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization 1.

  • Seymour, D. T.: 1992, On Q: Causing Quality in Higher Education (American Council on Education & Macmillan, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shalinsky, W. and C. Knapper: 1989, Perceptions of quality of student life at Waterloo (University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, J. H. and D. Shapiro: 1983, ‘Well being and relationship’, in R. N. Walsh and D. H. Shapiro (eds.), Beyond Health and Normality: Explorations of Exceptional Psychological Well-Being (Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherr, L. A. and D. J. Teeter (eds.): 1991, ‘Total Quality Management in Higher Education’, New Directions for Institutional Research 71.

  • Singer, J. L. and M. J. Opler: 1956, ‘Contrasting patterns of fantasy and motility in Irish and Italian schizophrenics’, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 53, pp. 42–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. C.: 1990, Principal's Discussion Paper “Queen's Learning Environment” (Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. H.: 1980, Admission and Retention Problems of Black Students at Seven Predominantly White Universities (National Advisory Committee on Black Higher Education and Black Colleges and Universities, Washington, D.C.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S.: 1991, Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Canadian University Education (Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, Ottawa).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. E.: 1982, ‘The case for parental transmission of educational goals: The importance of accurate offspring perception’, Journal of Marriage and the Family 44, pp. 661–674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, B. R.: 1966, ‘The invisible curriculum’, in L. E. Dennis and J. P. Kaufman (eds.), The College and the Students: An Assessment of Relationships and Responsibilities in Undergraduate Education by Administrators, Faculty Members, and Public Officials (American Council on Education, Washington, D.C.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, B. R.: 1971, The Hidden Curriculum (Knopf, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Solmon, L. C. and M. La Porte: 1986, ‘The crisis of student quality in Higher education’, Journal of Higher Education 57, pp. 370–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stage, F. K.: 1988, ‘Student typologies and the study of college outcomes’, Review of Higher Education 11, pp. 247–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stage, F. K.: 1989, ‘College outcomes and student development: Filling the gaps’, Review of Higher Education 12, pp. 293–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stage, F. K. and R. V. Russell: 1992, ‘Using method triangulation in college student research’, Journal of College Student Development 33(6), pp. 485–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. and A. H. Miller: 1993, ‘Stress, the immune system, and health and illness’, in L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz (eds.), Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects, 2nd ed. (Free Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. and R. K. Wagner (eds.): 1986, Practical Intelligence: Nature and Origin of Competence in the Everyday World (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Strack, F., M. Argyle and N. Schwarz (eds.): 1991, Subjective Well-Being (Pergamon, Oxford, UK).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stull, D. E.: 1987, ‘Conceptualization and measurement of well-being’, in E. F. Borgatta and J. V. Rhona (eds.), Critical Issues in Aging Policy (Sage, Newbury Park, CA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, R. I. and R. L. Kahn: 1986, ‘Prediction, understanding and control as antidotes to organizational stress’, in F. M. Andrews (ed.), Research on the Quality of Life (Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI).

    Google Scholar 

  • Task Force on University Accountability: 1993, University Accountability: A Strengthened Framework (Ministry of Education and Training, Toronto).

    Google Scholar 

  • Terrell, M. C. and D. J. Wright (eds.): 1988, From Survival to Success: Promoting Minority Student Retention. National Association of Student Personnel Administrators.

  • Thomas, C. and D. Duszynski: 1973, ‘Closeness to parents and family constellation in a prospective study of five disease states: Suicide, mental illness, malignant tumor, hypertension, and coronary heart disease’, John Hopkins Medical Journal 134.

  • Tierney, W. G.: 1992a, Official Encouragement, Institutional Discouragement: Minorities in Academe — The Native American Experience (Ablex, Norwood, NJ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tierney, W. G.: 1992b, ‘An anthropological analysis of student participation in college’, Journal of Higher Education 63, pp. 603–618.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tierney, W. G.: in press, ‘The college experience of Native Americans: A critical analysis’, in L. Weis and M. Fine (eds.), Beyond Silenced Voices: Class, Race and Gender in United States Schools (SUNY Press, Ithaca, NY).

  • Tinto, V.: 1987, Leaving College: Rethinking the Causes and Cures of Student Attrition (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).

    Google Scholar 

  • Triche, C. W. III and D. S. Triche: 1975, The Euthanasia Controversy 1812–1974: A Bibliography with Select Annotations (Whitson, Troy, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Trickett, P. K., J. L. Aber, V. Carlson and D. Cicchetti: 1991, ‘Relationship of socioeconomic status to the etiology and developmental sequalae of physical child abuse’, Developmental Psychology 27, pp. 148–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsang W.-S. and J. F. McDermott: 1981, Culture, Mind and Therapy: An Introduction to Cultural Psychiatry (Brunner/Mazel, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tweney, R. D., M. E. Doherty and C. R. Mynatt (eds.): 1981, On Scientific Thinking (Columbia University Press, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • University of Strathclyde: 1992, Report of an Academic Audit of the University of Strathclyde (Glasgow, Scotland).

    Google Scholar 

  • University of Texas (Austin): 1988, The University of Texas at Austin Report of the Committee on Faculty-Student Relations (University of Texas, Austin).

    Google Scholar 

  • Veenhoven, R.: 1984, Conditions of Happiness (Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland).

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, E. K., D. T. Campbell, L. Schwartz, L. Sechest, and J. B. Grove: 1981, Nonreactive Measures in the Social Sciences (Houghton Mifflin, Boston).

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, D. S.: 1992, ‘Ranking of undergraduate education in U.S. News and World Report and Money’, Change, March/April, pp. 19–31.

  • Weidman, J. C.: 1989, ‘Undergraduate socialization: A conceptual approach’, Higher Education 5, pp. 289–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, H.: 1981a, ‘Brain, behavior and bodily disease: A summary’, in H. Weiner, M. A. Hofer and A. J. Stunkard (eds.), Brain, Behavior and Bodily Disease (Raven, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, H.: 1981b, ‘Social and psychological factors in disease’, in E. R. Gove (ed.), Human Behavior (Lexington, Tennessee).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M. and J. K. Myers: 1978, ‘Affective disorders in a U.S. urban community: The use of research diagnostic criteria in an epidemiological survey’, Archives of General Psychiatry 35, pp. 1304–1311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, B.: 1983, ‘Stress, personal coping resources, and psychiatric symptoms: An investigation of an interactive model’, Journal of Health and Social Behavior 24, pp. 208–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, R. J.: 1991, ‘The theoretical and empirical structure of general well-being’, Social Indicators Research 24, pp. 71–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, J. M.: 1992, ‘Marital status and well-being in Canada’, Journal of Family Issues 13(3), pp. 390–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitt, E.J.: 1991, ‘Artful science: A primer on qualitative research methods’, Journal of College Student Development 32, pp. 406–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widick, C. and D. Simpson: 1978, ‘Developmental concepts in college instruction’, in C. Parker (ed.), Encouraging Development in College Students (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN).

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, T and M. Batten: 1981, The Quality of School of Life (The Australian Council for Educational Research, Hawthorn, Victoria).

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, T. and W. Kornblum: 1985, Growing Up Poor (Lexington, Lexington, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Witter, R. A., M. A. Okun, W. A. Stock and M. J. Haring: 1984, ‘Education and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis’, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 6, pp. 165–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zautra, A. and D. Goodhart: 1979, ‘Quality of Life Indicators: A review of the literature’, Community Mental Health Review 4(1), 1, pp. 3–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zinn, M. B. and D. S. Eitzen: 1990, Diversity in Families. 2nd Ed. (Harper and Row, NY).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zweigenhaft, R. L.: 1993, ‘Prep school and public school graduates of Harvard: A longitudinal study of the accumulation of social and cultural capital’, Journal of Higher Education 64, pp. 211–225.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Benjamin, M. The quality of student life: Toward a coherent conceptualization. Soc Indic Res 31, 205–264 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01078209

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01078209

Keywords

Navigation