References
Wilkins LT: Current aspects of penology: Directions for corrections.Proc Am Philosoph Soc 118(3):235–247, 1974.
Shah SA: Dangerousness: A paradigm for exploring some issues in law and psychology.Am Psychologist March: 224–238, 1978.
Fagin A: The policy implications of predictive decision-making: “Likelihood” and “dangerousness” in civil commitment proceedings.Public Policy 24(4):491–528, 1976.
Scheidemandel PL, Kanno CK: The mentally ill offender: A survey of treatment programs. Washington, D.C., The Joint Information Service of the American Psychiatric Association and the National Association for Mental Health, 1969.
Megargee EI: The prediction of dangerous behavior.Criminal Justice Behav 3(1):3–22, 1976.
Monahan J: Social policy implications of the inability to predict violence.J Soc Iss 31(2):153–164, 1975.
Steadman HJ, Cocozza JJ:Careers of the Criminally Insane. Lexington, Mass., Lexington Books, 1974.
Scheff T:Being Mentally Ill. New York, Aldine, 1966.
Ennis BJ, Litwack TR: Psychiatry and the presumption of expertise: Flipping coins in the courtroom.Calif Law Rev 62:693–752, 1976.
Stone AA:Mental Health and Law: A System in Transition. Rockville, Md, National Institute of Mental Health, 1975.
Treffert D: Dying with your rights on. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Detroit, May, 1974.
Peele R, Chadoff P, Taub N: Involuntary hospitalizations and treatability: Observations from the District of Columbia experience.Cathol Univ Law Rev 23:744–753, 1974.
Cocozza JJ, Steadman HJ: The failure of psychiatric predictions of dangerousness: Clear and convincing evidence.Rutgers Law Rev 29(5):1084–1101, 1976.
Shah SA: Dangerousness: Some definitional, conceptual, and public policy issues. In B. Sales (ed.):Perspectives in Law and Psychology. New York, Pergamon, 1977.
Monahan J: The prediction of violent criminal behavior: A methodological critique and prospectus. InDeterrence and Incapacities: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates. Washington, D.C., National Academy of Science, 1978.
Laves RG: The prediction of “dangerousness” as a criterion for involuntary civil commitment: Constitutional considerations.J Psychiatry Law 3(3):292–326, 1975.
Mesnikoff AM, Lauterbach CG: The association of violent dangerous behavior with psychiatric disorders: A review of the research literature.J Psychiatry Law 3(4):415–445, 1975.
Rubin B: Prediction of dangerousness in mentally ill criminals.Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:397–407, 1972.
Kozol H, Boucher R, Garolfalo R: The diagnosis and treatment of dangerousness.Crime Delinquency 18:371–392, 1972.
Cocozza JJ: Dangerousness.Psychiatr News 15:2, 1973 (August).
Maryland's Defective Delinquency Statute—A Progress Report. Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services. Unpublished manuscript. Baltimore, State of Maryland, 1973.
Steadman HJ: A new look at recidivism among patuxent inmates.Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 5(2):200–209, 1977.
Halpern AL: Review of careers of the criminally insane.Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 4(2):187–191, 1975.
Steadman HJ, Cocozza JJ: The prediction of dangerousness—Baxstrom: A case study. In G. Cooke (ed):Readings in Forensic Psychology. Springfield, Ill., Charles C. Thomas, forthcoming.
Thornberry TP, Jacoby JE: The uses of discretion in a maximum security mental hospital: The Dixon case. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Chicago, 1974.
Steadman HJ, Cocozza JJ: Psychiatry, dangerousness and the repetitively violent offender.J Crim Law Criminol 69(2):226–231, 1978.
Sheldon RB: Assessing dangerounsess in the criminally insane. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association Meeting, San Francisco, 1977.
Levinson RM, Ramsay G: Dangerousness, stress and mental health evaluations.J Health Soc Behav in press.
Bloom BL, Lang EW, Goldberg H: Factors associated with accuracy of prediction of posthospitalization adjustment.J Abnorm Psychol 76(2):243–249, 1970.
Wenk E, Emrich R: Assaultive youth: An exploratory study of the assaultive experience and assaultive potential of California Youth Authority wards.J Res Crime Delinque 9:171–196, 1972.
Wenk E, Robinson JO, Smith GW: Can violence be predicted?Crime Delinqu 18:393–402, 1972.
Hedlund L, Sletten IW, Altman H, Evenson RC: Prediction of patients who are dangerous to others.J Clin Psychol 29(4):443–447, 1973.
Koppin, M.Age, hospital stay and criminal history as preditors of post-release release danger. Pueblo, Colo., Colorado State Hospital, 1977.
Pruesse M, Quinsey VL: The dangerousness of patients released from maximum security: A replication.J Psychiatry Law 5(2):293–299, 1977.
Jacoby JE: Prediction of dangerousness among mentally ill offenders. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Toronto, 1975.
Steadman HJ, Cocozza JJ: The dangerousness standard and psychiatry: A cross national issue in the social control of the mentally ill. Paper presented at the 9th World Congress of Sociology, Uppsala, Sweden, 1978.
Monahan J: Prediction research and the emergency commitment of dangerous mentally ill persons: A reconsideration.Am J Psychiatry 135(2):198–201, 1978.
Cocozza JJ, Steadman HJ: Prediction in psychiatry: An example of misplaced confidence in experts.Social Problems 25(3):265–276, 1978.
Kinzel A: Confronting and identifying dangerousness.Am J Psychiatry 132(12):1331, 1975.
Kittrie N:The Right to Be Different. Baltimore, Penguin Books, 1971.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This paper will appear inPsychiatric Patient Rights and Patient Advocacy: Issues and Evidence, edited by Bernard C. Bloom and Shirley J. Asher to be published by Human Sciences Press. Permission to publish this paper in advance of its appearance in the book is gratefully acknowledged.
The research reported here was partially supported by PHS Grant MH28850 from the NIMH Center for Studies in Crime and Delinquency.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Steadman, H.J. The right not to be a false positive: Problems in the application of the dangerousness standard. Psych Quart 52, 84–99 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01071879
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01071879