Conclusion
The prevalence of Fra(X) among infantile autism in Japanese subjects was found to be no higher than in subject groups having nonspecific metal retardation, and thus it is concluded that Fra(X) does not constitute an etiologically valid autism subgroup.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (1980).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.) Washington, DC: Author.
Arinami, T., & Kondou, I. (1986). The fragile X syndrome in a Japanese population of institutionalized mentally retarded males. [in Japanese]Seishin Igaku, 28, 946–948.
Blomquist, H. K., Gustavson, K-H., Holmgren, G., Nordenson, I., & Polsson-Stree, U. (1983). Fragile X syndrome in mildly mentally retarded children in a northern Swedish country: A prevalence study.Clinical Genetics, 24, 393–398.
Blomquist, H. K., Bohman, M., Edvinsson, S. O., Gillberg, C., Gustavson, K-H., Holmgren, G., & Wahlström, J. (1985). Frequency of the fragile X syndrome in infantile autism: A Swedish multicenter study.Clinical Genetics, 27, 113–117.
Bregman, J. D., Dykens, E., Watson, M., Ort, S. I., & Leekman, J. F. (1987). Fragile X syndrome: Variability of phenotypic expression.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 463–471.
Bregman, J. D., Leckman, J. F., & Ort, S. I. (1988). Fragile X syndrome: genetic preposition to psychopathology.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 343–345.
Brown, W. T., Jenkins, E. C., Friedman, E., Judith, B., Winsniewski, K., Raguthu, S., & French, J. (1982). Autism is associated with the fragile-X syndrome.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12, 303–308.
Brown, W. T., Jenkins, E. C., Cohen, I. L., Fisch, G. S., Wolf-Schein, E. G., Gross, A., & Waterhouse, L. (1986). Fragile X and autism: A multicenter survey.American Journal of Medical Genetics, 23, 341–352.
Einfeld, S., Monoly, H., & Hall, W. (1989). Autism is not associated with the fragile X sybdrome.American Journal of Medical Genetics, 34, 187–193.
Fisch, G. S., Cohen, I. L., Wolf, E. G., Brown, W. T., Jenkins, E. C., & Gross, A. (1986). Autism and the fragile X syndrome.American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 71–73.
Fisch, G. S., Cohen, I. L., Gross, A. C., Jenkins, V., Jenkins, E. C., & Brown, W. T. (1988). Folic acid treatment of fragile X males: A further study.American Journal of Medical Genetics, 30, 393–399.
Fisch, G. S., Cohen, I. L., Jenkins, E. C., & Brown, W. T. (1988). Screening developmentally disabled male population for fragile X: The effect of sample size.American Journal of Medical Genetics, 30, 655–663.
Folstein, S., & Rutter, M. (1977). Infantile autism: A genetic study of 21 twin pairs.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 297–321.
Froster-Iskenius, U., Felch, G., Schirren, C., & Schwinger, E. (1983). Screening for fra(X)(q) in a population of mentally retarded males.Human Genetics, 63, 153–157.
Goldfine, P. E., McPherson, P. M., Heath, G. A., Hardesty, V. A., Beauregard, L. J., & Gordon, B. (1985). Association of fragile X syndrome with autism.American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 108–110.
Hagerman, R. J., Jackson, A. W., Levitas, A., Rimland, B., & Braden, M. (1986). An analysis of autism in fifty males with the fragile X syndrome.American Journal of Medical Genetics, 23, 359–374.
Ho, H. H. & Kalousek, D. K. (1989). Brief report: Fragile X syndrome in autistic boys.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 343–347.
Jorgensen, O. S., Nielsen, K. B., Isager, T., & Mouridsen, S. E. (1984). Fragile X-chromosome among child psychiatric patients with disturbance of language and social relationships.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 70, 510–514.
Judd, L. L., & Mandell, A. J. (1968). Chromosome studies in early infantile autism.Archives of General Psychiatry, 18, 450–457.
Lejeune, J. (1982). Is the fragile X syndrome amenable to treatment?Lancet, 1, 273–274.
Madokoro, H., Ohdo, S., Sonoda, T., Ohba, K., Tanaka, H., & Hayakawa, K. (1989). Infantile autism and the fragile X syndrome in Japanese children.Acta Paediatrica Japonica, 31, 163–165.
Matuishi, T., Shiotuki, Y., Niikawa, N., Karafuchi, Y., Otaki, E., Ando, H., Yamashita, Y., Horikawa, M., Urabe, F., Kuriya, N., & Yamashita, F. (1987). Fragile X syndrome in Japanese patients with infantile autism.Pediatric Neurology, 3, 284–287.
McGillivery, B. C., Herbst, D. S., Dill, F. J., Sandercock, H. J., & Tischler, B. (1986). Infantile autism: An occasional manifestation of fragile(X) mental retardation.American Journal of Medical Genetics, 23, 353–358.
Niikawa, N. (1986). Fragile X syndrome (fragile X-linked mental retardation; Martin-Bell Syndrome): (2) cytogenetic and genetic aspect. [in Japanese]Japanese Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IGAKU NO AYUMI), 137, 600–603.
Payton, J. B., Steele, M. W., Wenger, S. L., & Minshew, N. J. (1989). The fragile X marker and autism in perspective.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 417–421.
Primrose, D. A., El-Matmati, R., Boyd, E., Gosden, C., & Newton, M. (1986). Prevalence of the fragile X syndrome in an institution for the mentally handicapped.British Journal of Psychiatry,148, 655–657.
Pueschel, S. M., Herman, R., & Groden, G. (1985). Brief report: Screening children with autism for fragile-X syndrome and phenyketonuria.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 15, 335–338.
Reis, Von, A. S. (1986). Infantiler Autismus und Marker-X-Syndrom.Sozialp Diatrie, 8, 612–616.
Reiss, A. L., & Freund, L. (1990). Fragile X syndrome, DSM-III-R, and Autism.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 885–891.
Ritvo, E. R., Freeman, B. J., Mason-Brothers, A., Mo, A., & Ritvo, A. M. (1985). Concordance for the syndrome of autism in 40 pairs of afflicted twins.American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 74–77.
Rutter, M. (1978). Diagnosis and definition of childhood autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 8, 139–161.
Sutherland. G. R. (1982). Heritable fragile sites on human chromosomes. VIII. Preliminary population cytogenetic data on the folic-acid-sensitive fragile sites.American Journal of Human Genetics, 34, 452–458.
Venter, P. A., Hof, J. O., & Coetzee, D. J. (1986). The Martin-Bell syndrome in South Africa.American Journal of Medical Genetics, 23, 597–610.
Wahlström, J., Gillberg, C., Gustavson, K. H., & Holmgren, G. (1986). Infantile autism and the fragile X: A swedish multicenter study.American Journal of Medical Genetics, 23, 403–408.
Watson, M. S., Leckman, J. F., Annex, B., Breg, W. R., Boles, D., Volkmar, F. R., Cohen, D. J., & Carter, C. (1984). Fragile X in a survey of 75 autistic males.New England Journal of Medicine, 310, 1462.
Webb, T. P., Bundey, S. E., Thake, A. I., & Todd, J. (1986). Population incidence and segregation ratios in the Martin-Bell syndrome.American Journal of Medical Genetics, 23, 573–580.
Wilson, J. D., Braunwald, E., Isselbacher, K. J., Petersdorf, R. G., Martin, J. B., Facci, A. S., & Root, R. K. (Eds.). (1990).The practice of medicine. InHarrison's principles of internal medicine (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
World Health Organization. (1988).International classification of disease (10th rev., Chap. 5, draft). Geneva: Author.
Wright, H. H., Young, S. R., Edwards, J. G., Abramson, R. K., & Duncan, J. (1986). Fragile X syndrome in population of autistic children.Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 641–644.
Yokoyama, Y., Takahashi, K., Horigome, A., & Takahashi, M. (1980). The fragile X Chromosome. [in Japanese]Japanese Journal of Clinical Pathology, 129–137.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hashimoto, O., Shimizu, Y. & Kawasaki, Y. Brief report: Low frequency of the fragile X syndrome among Japanese autistic subjects. J Autism Dev Disord 23, 201–209 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01066429
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01066429