Abstract
This article traces the development of psychiatric services from their institutional base at the turn of the century to the enactment of the Community Mental Health Center Act of 1963. Many perceived this legislation, which brought about community based but federally funded psychiatric care, as a radical departure from existing trends; indeed, President John F. Kennedy introduced it as a “bold new approach.” In fact, it represented the culmination of a slow, gradual evolutionary development. This article identifies the concepts underlying community psychiatric services and their programmatic elements and specifies their time of origin. The author concludes that while the current federal initiative in community psychiatric care (e.g., CHHCs) may be in jeopardy, its evolutionary nature ensures its continuance in one manner or another.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Caplan G, Caplan RB: Development of community psychiatry concepts. In Freedman AM, Kaplan HI (eds):Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Baltimore MD, William and Wilkins, 1967.
Musto D: The community mental health movement in historical perspective. In Barton, WE, Sanborn CJ (eds):An Assessment of the Community Mental Health Movement. Lexington Mass, Lexington Books, 1975.
Galt JM: The farm of St. Anne.Amer J Insanity 11:352–7, 1855.
Deutsch A:The Mentally Ill in America: A History of Their Care and Treatment from Colonial Times Garden City, Doubleday, 1937.
Caplan G:Principles of Preventive Psychiatry. New York, Basic Books, 1964.
A century of debate surrounding community care.Hosp & Comm Psychiat 27:490, 1976.
Rossi A: Some pre-World II antecedents of community mental health theory and practice.Ment Hyg 46:78–98, 1962.
Hurd HM (ed):The Institutional Care of the Insane in the United States and Canada, Vol. 1. Baltimore MD, Johns Hopkins Press, 1946.
Caplan R:Psychiatry and the Community in Nineteenth Century America: New York, Basic Books, 1969.
Beers C:A Mind That Found Itself. New York, Doubleday, 1908.
American Foundation for Mental Hygiene: The Mental Hygiene Movement: Origins, Objects and Work of the National Committee and the American Foundation for Mental Hygiene. New York, 1938.
Meyer A: Organizing the community for the protection of its mental life.Survey 34:557–60, 1915.
Winters EE:The Collected Papers of Adolf Meyer, vol. 7. Baltimore MD, Johns Hopkins Press, 1952.
Langsley DG: Community health: A review of the literature. In Barton, WE, Sanborn CJ (eds):An Assessment of the Community Mental Health Movement. Lexington Mass, Lexington Books, 1975.
Stevenson GS: When is a community ready for a child guidance clinic.Ment Hyg 12:492–593, 1928.
Deutsch A: The coverage of social work and psychiatry: An historical note.Ment Hyg 24:92097, 1940.
Grob GN:The State and the Mentally Ill: A History of Worchester State Hospital in Massachusetts, 1830–1920. Chapel Hill, NC, Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1966.
Pinney E:The First Group Psychotherapy Book. Springfield Ill, Charles C Thomas, 1970.
Salmon T: War neuroses: “Shell shock”.Mil Surg 41:675–694, 1917.
Glasscote R, Sanders D, Forstenzer HM, Foley AR:The Community Mental Health Center: An Analysis of Existing Models. Washington DC, Joint Information Service, 1964.
Ewalt JR: The birth of the community mental health movement. In Barton WE, Sanborn CJ (eds):An Assessment of the Community Mental Health Movement. Lexington Mass, Lexington Books, 1975.
Jarrett MC: Mental clinics. In Davis MM (ed):Clinics, Hospitals and Health Centers. New York, Harper, 1927.
Copp O: Some problems confronting the association.Amer J Psychiat 1:1–13, 1921.
Morgan JJB: Mental hygiene and adjustment; community influences.Rev Educ Res 6:478–89. 1936.
Bassett C:Mental Hygiene in the Community. New York, MacMillan, 1933.
Low A:Mental Health Through Will-Training. Boston, Christopher, 1950.
Kiev A: Some background factors in recent English psychiatric programs.Amer J Psychiat 119:851–56, 1963.
Becker A, Murphy M, Greenblatt M: Recent advances in community psychiatry.New Eng J Med 272:621–6, 674–9, 1965.
Querido A: Early diagnosis and treatment services. In Milbank Memorial Fund:The Elements of a Community Mental Health Program. New York, 1956.
Bierer J: The Marlborough experiment. In Bellak L (ed):Handbook of Community Psychiatry and Community Mental Health New York, Grune & Stratton, 1964.
Felix RH: Psychiatry in prospect.Amer J Psychiat 103:600–604, 1947.
Whittington HG:Psychiatry in the American Community. New York, International Universities Press, 1966.
Mora G: Recent American psychiatric developments (since 1939). In Arieti, S (ed):Handbook of American Psychiatry. New York, Basic Books, 1959.
Action for Mental Health:The Final Report of the Joint Commission on Mental Health and Illness. New York, Basic Books, 1961.
Linn L: Some aspects of a psychiatry program in a voluntary general hospital. In Bellak, L (ed):Handbook of Community Psychiatry and Community Mental Health. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1964.
Zusman J: The philosophic basis for a community and social psychiatry in Barton, WE, Sanborn CJ (eds):An Assessment of the Community Mental Health Movement. Lexington Mass, Lexington Books, 1975.
Mechanic D:Mental Health and Social Policy. Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice Hall, 1969.
Bushard BL: The U.S. Army's mental hygiene consultation service. InSymposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry. Washington DC, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1957.
Lott GM, Hamlin RM, Taylor GH, Schweinburg SF: Mental hygiene consultation service.Psych 6:285–90, 1943.
Lindeman E: Symptomatology and management of acute grief.Amer J Psychiat 101:141–148, 1944.
Modlin, personal communication.
Jones M:The Therapeutic Community. New York, Basic Books, 1953.
Caplan G:An Approach to Community Mental Health. New York, Grune and Stratton, 1961.
Symposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry. Washington DC. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1957.
Milbank Memorial Fund: Steps in the Development of Integrated Psychiatric Services. New York, 1960.
Milbank Memorial Fund: Decentralization of Psychiatric Services and Continuity of Care. New York, 1962.
Milbank Memorial Fund: The Elements of a Community Mental Health Program. New York, 1956.
Linden ME: A community organized for mental health programming.Amer J Occup Ther 10:43–46, 1956.
Appel K: The present challenge of psychiatry.Amer J Psychiat 111:1012, 1954.
Solomon H: The American Psychiatric Association in relation to American psychiatry.Amer J Psychiat 115:1–9, 1958.
Glass AJ: Observations upon the epidemiology of mental illness in troops during warfare. InSymposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry. Washington DC, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1957.
Schreiber J: Political implications of mental health.Proc Nat Conf Soc Wk 1–200, 1950.
Hunt RC: Community responsibility for mental health in Britain, the Netherlands and New York State.Psych Quart 30:684–697, 1956.
Brill H, Patton R: Analysis of population reduction in New York State mental hospitals during the first four years of large-scale therapy with psychotropic drugs.Amer J Psychiat 16:495–500, 1959.
Black B: Psychiatric rehabilitation in the community. In Bellak L (ed.):Handbook of Community Psychiatry and Community Mental Health. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1964.
Brown WH: Takraff LH, Gostes BH, Madsen CN: Using community agencies in the treatment program of a travelling child guidance clinic,Ment Hyg 41:372–377, 1957.
Bellak L: The comprehensive community psychiatry program at city hospital. In Bellak L (ed):Handbook of Community Psychiatry and Community Mental Health. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1964.
Sampson H, Ross D, Engle B, Livson E: Feasibility of community clinic treatment for state mental hospital patients.AMA Arch Neurol Psych 80:71–77, 1958.
Caplan G:Concepts of Mental Health and Consultation. Washington DC, Children's Bureau, Publication #373, 1959.
Stanton AH, Schwartz MS:The Mental Hospital. New York, Basic Books, 1954.
Hollingshead AB, Redlich FC:Social Class and Mental Illness: A Community Study. New York, Wiley, 1958.
Caudill W: Problems of leadership in the overt and covert social structure of psychiatric hospitals. InSymposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry. Washington DC, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1957.
Leighton AH:My Name is Legion. Basic Books, 1959.
Goffman E: The characteristics of total institutions. InSymposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry. Washington DC, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1957.
Srole L, Langner TS, Michael ST, Opler MK, Rennie TAC:Mental Health in the Metropolis: The Midtown Manhattan Study. New York, McGraw Hill, 1962.
Chu FD, Trotter S:The Madness Establishment. New York, Grossman, 1974.
Hersch C: Social history, mental health and community control.Amer Psychol 17:749–754, 1972.
Rubin LB: Maximum feasible participation: The origins, implications and current status.Ann Amer Acad Pol & Soc Sci 385:14–29, 1969.
Schultze CL:The Public Use of Private Interest. Washington DC, Brookings Institution, 1976.
Levine M, Levine M:A Social History of Helping Services. New York, Appleton Century Crofts, 1970.
Hume PB: Principles and practice of community psychiatry: The role and training of the specialist in community psychiatry. In Bellak L (ed):Handbook of Community Psychiatry and Community Mental Health. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1964.
Duhl L (ed)The Urban Condition. New York, Basic Books, 1963.
Umbarger CC:College Students in Mental Hospital. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1962.
Connery RH:The Politics of Mental Health. New York, Columbia Univ. Press, 1968.
Foley H:Community Mental Health. Lexington Mass, Lexington Books, 1975.
Kennedy JF: Message from the president of the United States relative to mental illness and mental retardation.Amer J Psychiat 120;729–737, 2964.
Public Law 88–164:The Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963. Washington DC, Government Printing Office, 1963.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Talbott, J.A. Twentieth-century developments in American psychiatry. Psych Quart 54, 207–219 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01064816
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01064816