Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Gangliogliomas: a clinicopathological study of 25 cases and review of the literature

  • Published:
Journal of Neuro-Oncology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

The histopathological, clinical, and radiological findings in 25 patients (median age 20.5 years; range 1.7–64.2 years) with gangliogliomas were assessed to correlate degree of astrocytic anaplasia and proliferative potential with recurrence or survival. Most patients (64%) presented with seizures (median Karnofsky Performance Score 90%; range 70–100%). Computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed nonspecific abnormalities. Neoplastic ganglion cells were defined as heterotopic, irregularly grouped, or having more than one nucleus of bizarre shape or size. The astrocytic component was moderately anaplastic in 15 cases and highly anaplastic (HAA) in 10. Eight patients had gross total resection, 11 had subtotal resection, and six underwent biopsy. Ten patients (five gross total resection, three subtotal resection, two biopsy) had no further treatment, 15 underwent external irradiation, and five had adjuvant chemotherapy. Twenty-four patients are alive 15–394 weeks (median 203.5 weeks) postoperatively; one with ganglioglioma-HAA died at 65 weeks. No tumor recurred after gross total resection. Duration of preoperative symptoms < 1 year, greater anaplasia, and age > 30 years at diagnosis may have increased the risk of recurrence after subtotal resection or biopsy by four, three, and two times, respectively (not significant). Bromodeoxyuridine labeling index (BUdR LI) was < 1% in eight non-recurring tumors and 1.3% in another recurring twice (second recurrence LI = 1.6%). Most patients with ganglioglioma have a good prognosis. After gross total resection, only observation is required. After subtotal resection or biopsy, recurrence is possible. BUdR labeling may guide further therapy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Perkins OC: Ganglioglioma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2: 11–17, 1926

    Google Scholar 

  2. Courville CB: Ganglioglioma. Tumor of the central nervous system: Review of the literature and report of two cases. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 24: 439–491, 1930

    Google Scholar 

  3. Courville CB: Gangliogliomas. A further report with special reference to those occurring in the temporal lobe. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 25: 309–326, 1931

    Google Scholar 

  4. Courville CB, Anderson FM: Neuro-gliogenic tumours of the central nervous system. Report of two additional cases of ganglioglioma of the brain. Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc 6: 154–176, 1941

    Google Scholar 

  5. Russell DS, Rubinstein LJ: Pathology of Tumours of the Nervous System, 5th ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 289–306, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  6. Wolf A, Morton BF: Ganglion cell tumors of the central nervous system. N Y Neurol Inst Bull 6: 453–488, 1937

    Google Scholar 

  7. Zülch KJ: Histological Typing of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. International Classification of Tumours, No. 21. World Health Organization, Geneva 43–52, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  8. Zülch KJ, Wechsler W: Pathology and classification of gliomas. In: Krayenbuhl H, Maspes PE, Sweet WH (eds) Progress in Neurological Surgery. Vol 2. Year Book, Chicago 1–84, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  9. Demierre B, Stichnoth FA, Hori A: Intracerebral ganglioglioma. J Neurosurg 65: 177–182, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Diepholder HM, Schwechheimer K, Mohadjer M, Knoth R, Volk B: A clinicopathologic and immunomorphologic study of 13 cases of ganglioglioma. Cancer 68: 2192–2201, 1991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Garrido E, Becker LF, Hoffman HJ, Hendrick BE, Humphreys R: Gangliogliomas in children. A clinicopathological study. Childs Brain 4: 339–346, 1978

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Henry JM, Heffner RR, Earle KM: Gangliogiomas of CNS: A clinico-pathological study of 50 cases (Abstract). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 37: 626, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  13. Johannsson JH, Rekate HL, Roessmann U: Gangliogliomas: Pathological and clinical correlation. J Neurosurg 54: 58–63, 1981

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kalyan-Raman UP, Olivero WC: Ganglioglioma: A correlative clinicopathological and radiological study of ten surgically treated cases with follow-up. Neurosurgery 20: 428–433, 1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Silver JM, Rawlings CE III, Rossitch E Jr, Zeidman SM, Friedman AH: Ganglioglioma: A clinical study with longterm follow-up. Surg Neurol 35: 261–266, 1991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sutton LN, Packer RJ, Rorke LB, Bruch DA, Schut L: Cerebral gangliogliomas during childhood. Neurosurgery 13: 124–128, 1983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Sutton LN, Packer RJ, Schut L: Gangliogliomas. In: Wilkins RH, Rengachary SS (eds) Neurosurgery Update I. McGraw-Hill, New York 461–463, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  18. Sutton LN, Packer RJ, Zimmerman RA, Bruce DA, Schut L: Cerebral gangliogliomas of childhood. In: Kageyama N, Takakura K, Epstein F, Hoffman HJ, Schut L (eds) Intracranial Tumors in Infancy and Childhood. Basic Research. Diagnosis and Treatment. Progress in Experimental Tumor Research Series. Vol 30. Karger, Basel 239–246, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ventureyra E, Herder S, Mallya BK, Keene D: Temporal lobe gangliogliomas in children. Childs Nerv Syst 2: 63–66, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Allegra S, Serra P: Ganglioneuroma recidivante maligno del cervello. Riv Pat Nerv 71: 94–108, 1950

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bell WO, Packer RJ, Seigel KR, Rorke LB, Sutton LN, Bruce DA, Schut L: Leptomeningeal spread of intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Report of three cases. J Neurosurg 69: 295–300, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bevilacqua G, Sarnelli R: Ganglioglioma of the spinal cord. A case with a long survival. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 48: 239–242, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bowles AP, Pantazis CG, Allen MB, Martinez J, Allsbrook WC: Ganglioglioma, a malignant tumor? Correlation with flow deoxyribonucleic acid cytometric analysis. Neurosurgery 23: 376–381, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hall WA, Yunis EJ, Albright AL: Anaplastic ganglioglioma in an infant: Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 19: 1016–1020, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kitano M, Takayama S, Nagao T, Yoshimura O: Malignant ganglioglioma of the spinal cord. Acta Pathol Jpn 37: 1009–1018, 1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Rodewald L, Miller DC, Sciorra L, Barabas G, Lee M: Central nervous system neoplasm in a young man with Martin-Bell syndrome-fra(X)-XLMR. Am J Med Genet 26: 7–12, 1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Russell DS, Rubinstein LJ: Ganglioglioma: A case with long history and malignant evolution. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 21: 185–193, 1962

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hoshino T, Prados M, Wilson CB, Cho KG, Lee K-S, Davis RL: Prognostic implications of the bromodeoxyuridine labeling index of human gliomas. J Neurosurg 71: 335–341, 1989

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hoshino T, Rodriguez LA, Cho KG, Lee K-S, Wilson CB, Edwards MS, Levin VA, Davis RL: Prognostic implications of the proliferative potential of low-grade astrocytomas. J Neurosurg 69: 839–842, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fletcher WA, Hoyt WF, Narahara MH: Congenital quadrantanopia with occipital lobe ganglioglioma. Neurology 38: 1892–1894, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Miller DC, Koslow M, Budzilovich GN, Burstein DE: Synaptophysin: A sensitive and specific marker for ganglion cells in central nervous system neoplasms. Hum Pathol 21: 271–276, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Burger PC, Fuller GN: Pathology: trends and pitfalls in histologic diagnosis, immunopathology, and applications of oncogene research. Neurol Clin 9: 249–271, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kaplan EL, Meier P: Non-parametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc 53: 457–481, 1958

    Google Scholar 

  34. Cox DR: Regression models and life tables. J R Stat Soc 34 (Series B): 187–220, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  35. EGRET Statistical Package. Statistics and Epidemiology Research Corporation, Seattle, 1990

  36. Worcester WL: New formation of nerve cells in a cerebral tumor-neuroglioma. J Med Res 6: 59–63, 1901

    Google Scholar 

  37. Courville CB, Abbott KH: Malignant changes in cerebral ganglioglioma (Abstract). Excerpta Medica VIII 8: 896, 1955

    Google Scholar 

  38. Cavanagh JB: On certain small tumours encountered in the temporal lobe. Brain 81: 389–405, 1958

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Gullotta F, Cervos Navarro J, Puig Serra J: Istologia, ultrastruttura e comportamento in vitro di un ganglioglioma cerebrale. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 25: 188–196, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  40. Lee JC, Glasauer FE: Ganglioglioma: Light and electron microscopic study. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 11: 160–170, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  41. Lichtenstein BW, Zeitlin H: Ganglioglioneuroma of the spinal cord associated with pseudosyringomyelia. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 37: 1356–1370, 1937

    Google Scholar 

  42. Bruton CJ: The Neuropathology of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Maudsley Monographs 31. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  43. List CF, Dowman CE, Bagchi BK, Bebin J: Posterior hypothalamic hamartomas and gangliogliomas causing precocious puberty. Neurology 8: 164–174, 1958

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Taylor DC, Falconer MA, Bruton CJ, Corsellis JAN: Focal dysplasia of the cerebral cortex in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 34: 369–387, 1971

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. VandenBerg SR, May EE, Rubinstein LJ, Herman MM, Perentes E, Vinores SA, Collins VP, Park TS: Desmoplastic supratentorial neuroepithelial tumors of infancy with divergent differentiation potential (‘desmoplastic infantile gangliogliomas’). J Neurosurg 66: 58–71, 1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Daumas-Duport C, Scheithauer BW, Chodkiewicz J-P, Laws ER Jr, Vedrenne C: Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor: A surgically curable tumor of young patients with intractable partial seizures. Report of thirty-nine cases. Neurosurgery 23: 545–556, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Loesel LS: Fine needle aspiration cytology of a cerebral ganglioglioma. Report of a case. Acta Cytol 32: 391–394, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Davis RL, Nelson E: Unilateral ganglioglioma in a tuberosclerotic brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 20: 571–581, 1961

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Krouwer HGJ, Davis RL, Silver P, Prados M: Gemistocytic astrocytomas: A reappraisal. J Neurosurg 74: 399–406, 1991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Shaw EG, Daumas-Duport C, Scheithauer BW, Gilbertson DT, O'Fallon JR, Earle JD, Laws ER Jr, Okazaki H: Radiation therapy in the management of low-grade supratentorial astrocytomas. J Neurosurg 70: 853–861, 1989

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Kros JM, Van Eden CG, Stefanko SZ, Waayer-Van Batenburg M, van der Kwast TH: Prognostic implications of glial fibrillary acidic protein containing cell types in oligodendrogliomas. Cancer 66: 1204–1212, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Albright L, Byrd RP: Ganglioglioma of the entire spinal cord. Childs Brain 6: 274–280, 1980

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Nelson J, Frost JL, Schochet SS: Sudden, unexpected death in a 5-year-old boy with an unusual primary intracranial neoplasm. Ganglioglioma of the medulla. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 8: 148–152, 1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Richmond JG, Cunningham DL, Fuste FG, Erickson CC: Ganglioglioma of the brain stem. Am J Clin Pathol 45: 692–696, 1966

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Jensen I, Klinken L: Temporal lobe epilepsy and neuropathology. Histological findings in resected temporal lobes correlated to surgical results and clinical aspects. Acta Neurol Scand 54: 391–414, 1976

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Garcia CA, McGarry PA, Collada M: Ganglioglioma of the brain stem. Case report. J Neurosurg 60: 431–434, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Hori A, Weiss R, Schaake T: Ganglioglioma containing osseous tissue and neurofibrillary tangles. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112: 653–655, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Oberc-Greenwood MA, McKeever PE, Kornblith PL, Smith BH: A human ganglioglioma containing paired helical filaments. Hum Pathol 15: 834–838, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Takahashi H, Ikuta F, Tsuchida T, Tanaka R: Ultrastructural alterations of neuronal cells in a brain stem ganglioglioma. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 74: 307–312, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  60. Anderson FM, Adelstein LJ: Ganglion cell tumor (ganglioglioma) in the third ventricle. Operative removal with clinical recovery. Arch Surg 45: 129–139, 1942

    Google Scholar 

  61. Epstein N, Epstein F, Allen JC, Aleksic S: Intractable facial pain associated with a ganglioglioma of the cervicomedullary junction: Report of a case. Neurosurgery 10: 612–616, 1982

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Fletcher DE, Bailey WH: Neurogliogenic tumor of the diencephalon with unusual characteristics. Report of a case with discussion of classification. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 6: 128–138, 1947

    Google Scholar 

  63. Mørk SJ, Berg-Jensen M, Haugen A: Cerebellar ganglioglioma: Case report. J Neurosurg 51: 562–564, 1979

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Hardison HH, Packer RJ, Rorke LB, Schut L, Sutton LN, Bruce DA: Outcome of 5 children with primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Childs Nerv Syst 3: 89–92, 1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Probst A, Ulrich J, Zdrojewski B, Hirt H-R: Cerebellar ganglioglioma in a child. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 38: 57–71, 1979

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Molenaar WM, Jansson DS, Gould VE, Rorke LB, Franke WW, Lee VM-Y, Packer RJ, Trojanowski JQ: Molecular markers of primitive neuroectodermal tumors and other pediatric central nervous system tumors. Monoclonal antibodies to neuronal and glial antigens distinguish subsets of primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Lab Invest 6: 635–643, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  67. Roessmann U, Velasco ME, Gambetti P, Autilio-Gambetti L: Neuronal and astrocytic differentiation in human neuroepithelial neoplasms. An immunohistochemical study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 42: 113–121, 1983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Castillo M, Davis PC, Takei Y, Hoffmann JC: Intracranial ganglioglioma: MR, CT, and clinical findings in 18 patients. AJNR 11: 109–114, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Cox JD, Zimmerman HM, Haughton VM: Microcystic ganglioglioma treated by partial removal and radiation therapy. Cancer 50: 473–477, 1982

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Giangaspero F, Doglioni C, Rivano MT, Pileri S, Gerdes J, Stein H: Growth fraction in human brain tumors defined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 74: 179–182, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  71. Shibuya M, Ito S, Miwa T, Davis RL, Wilson CB, Hoshino T: Proliferative potential of brain tumors. Analyses with Ki-67 and anti-DNA polymerase alpha monoclonal antibodies, bromodeoxyuridine labeling, and nucleolar organizer region counts. Cancer 71: 199–206, 1993

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Zülch KJ: Brain Tumors. Their Biology and Pathology, 3rd ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 292–301, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  73. Dorne HL, O'Gorman AM, Melanson D: Computed tomography of intracranial gangliogliomas. AJNR 7: 281–285, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Farwell JR, Dohrmann GJ, Flannery JT: Central nervous system tumors in children. Cancer 40: 3123–3132, 1977

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Jellinger K, Machacek E: Rare intracranial tumours in infancy and childhood. In: Voth D, Gutjahr P, Langmaid C (eds) Tumours of the Central Nervous System in Infancy and Childhood. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 44–52, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  76. Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT: Computed tomography of intracerebral gangliogliomas. J Comput Tomogr 3: 24–30, 1979

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Brooks BS, King DW, Gammal TE, Meador K, Yaghmai F, Gay JN, Smith JR, Flanigin HF: MR imaging in patients with intractable complex partial epileptic seizures. AJNR 11: 93–99, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Gaytan-Garcia S, Blume WT, Kaufmann JCE, Girvin JP: Gangliogliomas associated with complex partial seizures (Abstract). Can J Neurol Sci 16: 229, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  79. Spencer DD, Spencer SS, Mattson RH, Williamson PD: Intracerebral masses in patients with intractable partial epilepsy. Neurology 34: 432–436, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Rossi E, Vaquero J, Martinez R, Garcia-Sola R, Bravo G: Intracranial gangliogliomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 71: 255–261, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  81. Rutledge SL, Snead OC III, Morawetz R, Chandra-Sekar B: Brain tumors presenting as a seizure disorder in infants. J Child Neurol 2: 214–219, 1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Levesque MF, Meagher-Villemure K, Dubeau F, Villemure J-G, Melanson D, Quesney FL, Moumdjian R, Olivier A, Feindel W, Rasmussen T, Bertrand G: Cerebral gangliogliomas — Review of 24 cases (Abstract). Can J Neurol Sci 13: 284, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  83. Steegman AT, Winer B: Temporal lobe epilepsy resulting from ganglioglioma. Report of an unusual case in an adolescent boy. Neurology 11: 406–412, 1961

    Google Scholar 

  84. Nass R, Whelan MA: Gangliogliomas. Neuroradiology 22: 67–71, 1981

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Bergin DJ, Johnson TE, Spencer WH, McCord CD: Ganglioglioma of the optic nerve. Am J Ophthalmol 105: 146–149, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Chilton J, Caughron MR, Kepes JJ: Ganglioglioma of the optic nerve: Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 26: 1042–1045, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Cohen M: Primary intradural tumor of the orbital portion of the optic nerve. Arch Ophthalmol 48: 19–22, 1919

    Google Scholar 

  88. Gritzman MCD, Snyckers FD, Proctor NSF: Ganglioglioma of the optic nerve. A case report. S Afr Med J 63: 863–865, 1983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Hunt SJ, Johnson PC: Melanotic ganglioglioma of the pineal region. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 79: 222–225, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  90. Feigin I, Budzilovich GN: Tumors of neurons and their precursors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 33: 483–506, 1974

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Friedman WA, Vries JK, Quisling RG; Ganglioglioma of the medulla oblongata. Surg Neurol 12: 105–108, 1979

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Mizuno J, Nishio S, Barrow DL, Davis PC, Tindall GT: Ganglioglioma of the cerebellum: Case report. Neurosurgery 21: 584–588, 1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Herrmann H-D, Neuss M, Winkler D: Intramedullary spinal cord tumors resected with CO2 laser microsurgical technique: Recent experience in fifteen patients. Neurosurgery 22: 518–522, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Miller G, Towfighi J, Page RB: Spinal cord ganglioglioma presenting as hydrocephalus. J Neurooncol 9: 147–152, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Pialat J, Bancel B, Pierluca P, Pelissou I: Le gangliogliome intra-medullaire. Une observation, revue de la litterature. Ann Pathol 7: 41–46, 1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Wald U, Levy PJ, Rappaport ZH, Michowitz SD, Schuger L, Shalit MN: Conus ganglioglioma in a 21-year-old boy. Case report. J Neurosurg 62: 142–144, 1985

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Tampieri D, Moumdjian R, Melanson D, Ethier R: Intracerebral gangliogliomas in patients with partial complex seizures: CT and MR imaging findings. AJNR 12: 749–755, 1991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Katz MC, Kier EL, Schechter MM: The radiology of gangliogliomas and ganglioneuromas of the central nervous system. Neuroradiology 4: 69–73, 1972

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Chamberlain MC, Press GA: Temporal lobe ganglioglioma in refractory epilepsy: CT and MR in three cases. J Neurooncol 9: 81–87, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Modic MT, Beale SM: Magnetic resonance imaging of supratentorial neoplasms. In: Wilkins RH, Rengachary SS (eds) Neurosurgery Update I. McGraw-Hill, New York 12–29, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  101. Rommel T, Hamer J: Development of ganglioglioma in computed tomography. Neuroradiology 24: 237–239, 1983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Christensen E: Über Ganglienzellgeschwulste im Gehirn. Virchows Arch 300: 567–581, 1937

    Google Scholar 

  103. DiTullio MV, Fried H: ganglioglioma-neurogliogenic tumor involving the left frontal lobe: Case report. Neurosurgery 5: 371–375, 1979

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neuro-Oncology Service, University of California, 94143, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Hendrikus G. J. Krouwer, Michael W. McDermott & Michael D. Prados

  2. Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, 94143, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Takao Hoshino

  3. Neuropathology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, 94143, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Richard L. Davis

Authors
  1. Hendrikus G. J. Krouwer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard L. Davis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael W. McDermott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Takao Hoshino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Michael D. Prados
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Krouwer, H.G.J., Davis, R.L., McDermott, M.W. et al. Gangliogliomas: a clinicopathological study of 25 cases and review of the literature. J Neuro-Oncol 17, 139–154 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01050216

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01050216

Key words

Search

Navigation