Abstract
Acidic precipitation, wet or frozen precipitation with a H+ concentration greater than 2.5 μeq l−1, is a significant air pollution problem in the United States. The chief anions accounting for the H+ in rainfall are nitrate and sulfate. Agricultural systems may derive greater net nutritional benefits from increasing inputs of acidic rain than do forest systems when soils alone are considered. Agricultural soils may benefit because of the high N and S requirements of agricultural plants. Detrimental effects to forest soils may result if atmospheric H+ inputs significantly add to or exceed H+ production by soils. Acidification of fresh waters of southern Scandinavia, southwestern Scotland, southeastern Canada, and northeastern United States is caused by acid deposition. Areas of these regions in which this acidification occurs have in common, highly acidic precipitation with volume weighted mean annual H+ concentrations of 25 μeq l−1 or higher and slow weathering of granitic or precambrian bedrock with thin soils deficient in minerals which would provide buffer capacity. Biological effects of acidification of fresh waters are detectable below pH 6.0. As lake and stream pH levels decrease below pH 6.0, many species of plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates are progressively eliminated. Generally, fisheries are severely impacted below pH 5.0 and are completely destroyed below pH 4.8. At the present time studies documenting effects of acidic precipitation on terrestrial vegetation are insufficient to establish an air quality standard. It must be demonstrated that current levels of precipitation acidity alone significantly injure terrestrial vegetation. For aquatic ecosystems, current research indicates that establishing a maximum permissible value for the volume weighted annual H+ concentration of precipitation at 25 μeq l−1 may protect the most sensitive areas from permanent lake acidification. Such a standard would probably protect other systems as well.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aber, J. D., Hendrey, G. R., Botkin, D. B., Francis, A. J., and Melillo, M.: 1980, Brookhaven National Laboratory,BNL Report No. 28658.
Abrahamsen, G. and Stuanes, A. D.: 1981, in D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecological Impacts of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Abrahamsen, G., Horntvedt, R., and Tveite, B.: 1977,Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 8, 57.
Abrahamsen, G., Hovland, J., and Hagvar, S.: 1980, in T. C. Hutchinson and M. Havas (eds.),Effects of Acid Precipitation on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Plenum Press, New York.
Adler, J. and Templeton, B.: 1967,J. Gen. Microbiol. 46, 175.
Alexander, M.: 1977,Introduction to Soil Microbiology, 2nd edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Almer, B., Dickson, W., Eckström, C., Hornström, E., and Miller, U.: 1974,Ambio 3, 30.
Almer, B., Dickson, W., Eckström, C., and Hornström, E.: 1978,Ecology 6, 967.
Andersson, F., Fagerstrom, T., and Nilsson, S. I.: 1980, in T. C. Hutchinson and M. Havas (eds.), Plenum Ecosciences Series.
Andersson, I., Grahn, O., Hultberg, H., and Landner, L.: 1975,STU-rapport 73-3651. Instituet för Vattenoch Lufvardsforskning, Stockholm.
Baath, E., Berg, B., Lohm, U., Lundgren, B., Lundkvisk, H., Rosswall, T., Soderstrom, B., and Wiren, A.: 1980, in T. C. Hutchinson and M. Havas (eds.),Effects of Acid Precipitation on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Plenum Press, New York.
Baker, J. P. and Schofield, C. L.: 1980, in D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecol. Impacts of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Beamish, R. J.: 1976,Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 6, 501.
Beamish, R. J. and Harvey, H.: 1972,J. Fish Res. Bd. Canada 29, 1131.
Bengston, G. W.: 1979,J. For. 78, 222.
Berry, M. A. and Bachmann, J. D.: 1977,Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 8, 95.
Boling, R. H., Goodman, E. D., Sickle, J. A., Zimmer, J. Q., Cummins, K. W., Petersen, R. C., and Reice, S. R.: 1975,Ecology 56, 141.
Borgström, R. and Hendrey, G.: 1976, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Borgström, R., Brittain, J., and Lillehammer, A.: 1976,Intern Rapport IR 21/76, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Botkin, D. B. and Aber, J. D.: 1978,Brookhaven National Laboratory Report No. 50889.
Botkin, D. B., Janak, J. F., and Wallis, J. R.: 1973,J. Ecology 60, 849.
Braekke, F. H. (ed.): 1976,Fagrapport FR 6/76, SNSF Project Ås-NLH, Norway.
Chrisman, T. L., Schulzi, R. L., Brezonik, P. L., Hendrey, C. D., and Bloom, S. A.: 1980, in D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Christopherson, N. and Wright, R. F.: 1981,Water, Resour. Res. (in press).
Cogbill, C. V.: 1977,Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 8, 90.
Cogbill, C. V., and Likens, G. E.: 1974,Water Resour. Res. 10, 1133.
Cole, D. W. and Johnson, D. W.: 1977,Water Resour. Res. 12, 313.
Cole, D. W. and Rapp, M.: 1981, in D. E. Reichle (ed.),Dynamic Properties of Forest Ecosystems, Cambridge Univ. Press.
Coleman, R.: 1966,Soil Science 101, 230.
Conroy, N., Hawley, K., Keller, W., and Lafrance, C.: 1976,J. Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Research 2 (Suppl. 1), 146.
Cronan, C. and Schofield, C. L.: 1979,Science 204, 304.
Cronan, C. S., Reiners, W. A., Reynolds, R. C., and Long, G. E.: 1978,Science 200 309.
Crop Reporting Board:1980a, Economics, Statistics and Cooperative Services, United States Department of Agriculture. Crop Production: 1979 Annual Summary, CrPr2-1 (80), January 15.
Crop Reporting Board:1980b, Economics, Statistics and Cooperative Services, United States Department of Agriculture. Field Crops: Production, Disposition, Value—1978–1979, CrPr (80), April.
Dancer, W. S., Peterson, L. A., and Chesters, G.: 1972,Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 37, 67.
Davis, R. B., Smith, M. O., Bailey, J. H., and Norton, S. A.: 1978,Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 20, 532.
Dawson, G. A.: 1978,Atmos. Environ. 12, 1981.
Dickson, W.: 1975,Inst. Freshwater Res. Drottningholm Rep. 54, 8.
Dochinger, L. S. and Seliga, T. A. (eds.): 1976,Acid Precipitation and the Forest Ecosystem, USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-23.
Drabløs, D. and Sevaldrud, I.: 1980,Intern Rapport IR 59/80, SNSF Project Ås-NLH, Norway.
Drabløs and Sevaldrud, I.: 1980, in D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecological Impacts of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Eaton, F. M.: 1965, in H. D. Chapman (eds.),Diagnostic Criteria for Plants and Soils, Quality Printing Co., Inc., Abilene, TX.
Evans, L. S.: 1979,J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 29, 1145.
Evans, L. S. and Conway, C. A.: 1980,Amer. J. Bot. 67, 866.
Evans, L. S., Conway, C. A., and Lewin, K. F.: 1980b, in D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecol. Impact of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Evans, L. S. and Curry, T. M.: 1979,Amer. J. Bot. 66, 953.
Evans, L. S., Curry, T. M., and Lewin, K. F.: 1981, The New Phytologist.
Evans, L. S., Gmur, N. F., and Da Costa, F.: 1977,Amer. J. Bot. 64, 903.
Evans, L. S., Gmur, N. F., and Da Costa, F.: 1978,Phytopathology 68, 847.
Evans, L. S. and Lewin, K. F.: 1980, in D. S. Shriner, C. R. Richmond, and S. E. Lindberg (eds.),Potential Environmental and Health Effects of Atmospheric Depositions, Ann Arbor Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
Evans, L. S. and Lewin, K. F.: 1981,Environ. Exp. Bot. 21, 103.
Evans, L. S., Lewin, K. F., Conway, C. A., and Patti, M. J.: The New Phytologist (in press).
Evans, L. S., Lewin, K. F., and Vella, F. A.: 1980a,Plant and Soil 56, 71.
Fairfax, F. A. and Lepp, N. W.: 1975,Nature 225, 324.
Ferenbaugh, R. W.: 1976,Amer. J. Bot. 63, 283.
Francis, A. J., Olson, D., and Bernatsky, R.: 1980, in D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecol. Impact of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Frink, C. R. and Voight, G. K.: 1976, in L. S. Dochinger and T. A. Seliga (eds.),Acid Precip. and the Forest Ecosystem, USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-23, Upper Darby, PA.
Galloway, J. N. and Whelpdale, D. M.: 1980,Atmos. Environ. 14, 409.
Galloway, J. N., Likens, G. E., and Edgerton, E. S.: 1976,Science 194, 722.
Garcia, R. L. and Hanway, J. J.: 1976,Agronomy J. 68, 653.
Gjessing, E. T., Henriksen, A., Johannessen, M., and Wright, R. F.: 1976, in F. H. Braekke (ed.),Impact of Acid Precipitation on Forests and Freshwater Ecosystems in Norway, Fagrapport FR 6/76, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Glass, G. E. and Loucks, O. L.: 1980,Impacts of Airborne Pollutants on Wilderness Areas Along the Minnesota-Ontario Border, EPA-600/3-80-044., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Gordon, C. C.: 1972,Short-long Conifer Needles Syndrome, Interim Report to the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Gorham, E.: 1976,Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 6, 457.
Grahn, O.: 1976, in L. S. Dochinger and T. A. Seliga (eds.),Acid Precipitation and the Forest Ecosystem. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Report NE-23.
Grahn, O.: 1980, in D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecol. Impacts of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Grahn, O. J., Hultberg, H., and Landner, L.: 1974,Ambio 3, 93.
Hall, R. J., Likens, G. E., Fiance, S. B., and Hendrey, G. R.: 1980,Ecology 6, 976.
Harrison, A. D.: 1958,Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 13, 603.
Harrison, A. D. and Agnew, J. D.: 1962,Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. 2, 273.
Harriman, R. and Morrison, B.: 1980, in D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecological Impacts of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Heinrichs, H. and Mayer, R.: 1977,J. Environ. Qual.,6, 402.
Hendrey, G. R. and Vertucci, F.: 1980, in D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecological Impacts of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Hendrey, G. R. and Wright, R. F.: 1976,J. Great Lakes Res. 2, (Suppl.), 192.
Hendrey, G. R., Baalsrud, K., Traaen, T. S., Laake, M., and Raddum, G.: 1976,Ambio 5, 224.
Hendrey, G. R., Galloway, J. N., and Schofield, C. L.: 1980a, in: D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecological Impacts of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Hendrey, G. R., Yan, N. D., and Baumgartner, K. J.: 1980b, in:EPA-OECD Internat. Symp. for Inland Waters and Lake Restoration. Portland, Maine.
Henriksen, A.: 1979,Nature 278, 542.
Henriksen, A.: 1980, in: D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecological Impacts of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Henriksen, A. and Wright, R. F.: 1976,Fagrapport FR 9/76, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Hesse, P. R.: 1957,Plant and Soil 9, 86.
Hindawi, I. J. and Ratsch, H. C.: 1974,Air Pollution Control Assoc., Number 74-252.
Hindawi, I. J., Rea, J. A., and Griffis, W. L.: 1977,J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., Abstract 77-30.4.
Hoeninger, J. F.: 1965,J. Bacteriol. 90, 275.
Holloway, P. J. and Baker, E. A.: 1968,Plant Physiol. 43, 1878.
Hörnström, E., Ekström, C., Miller, U., and Dickson, W.: 1973,Statens Naturvardsverk, Solna, Sweden. 1973.
Hovland, J. and Ishac, Y. Z.: 1975,Intern Rapport IR 14, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Hultberg, H.: 1976,Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 7, 279.
Ishaque, M. and Cornfield, A. H.: 1976,Trop. Agric. (Trinidad)53, 157.
Jeffries, D. S., Cox, C. M., and Dillon, P. J.: 1979,J. Fish Res. Board Can. 36, 640.
Johnson, D. W.: 1975, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle.
Johnson, D. W. and Cole, D. W.: 1977,Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 7, 489.
Johnson, D. W., Cole, D. W., and Gessel, S. P.: 1979,Biotropica 11, 38.
Johnson, D. W., Cole, D. W., Gessel, S. P., Singer, M. J., and Minden, R. V.: 1977,Arctic and Alpine Res. 9, 329.
Jones, U. S. and Suarez, E. L.: 1980, in D. S. Shriner, C. R. Richmond, and S. E. Lindberg (eds.),Environmental and Health Effects of Atmospheric Sulfur Depositions, Ann Arbor Science.
Jones, U. S., Hamilton, M. G., and Pitner, J. B.: 1979,Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 43, 1169.
Jonsonn, B.: 1977,Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 7, 497.
Jonsonn, B. and Sundberg, R.: 1972,Has the Acidification by Atmospheric Pollution Caused a Growth Reduction in Swedish forests? A Comparison of Growth between Regions with Different Soil Properties, Rapport No. 20, Department of Forest Yield Research, Royal College of Forestry, Stockholm.
Kelly, J. and Lambert, M. J.: 1972,Plant and Soil 37, 395.
Khanna, P. K. and Besse, F.: 1978,Soil Sci. 125, 16.
Kwiatkowski, R. E. and Roff, J. C.: 1976,Can. J. Bot. 54, 2546.
Laake, M.: 1976,Intern Rapport IR 29/76, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Lang, D. S., Krupa, S. V., and Shriner, D. S.: 1978,Air Pollution Control Assoc. Abstract 78-7.3.
Lee, J. J., Neely, G. E., and Perrigan, S. C.: 1980,Sulfuric Acid Rain Effects on Crop Yield and Foliar Injury, Environmental Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR.
Leivestad, H. and Muniz, I. P.: 1976,Nature 259, 391.
Leivestad, H., Muniz, I. P. and Rosseland, B. O.: 1980, in D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecol. Impacts of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Leivestad, H., Hendrey, G., Muniz, I. P., and Snekvik, E.: 1976, in F. H. Braekke (ed.),Impact of Acid Precipitation on Forest and Freshwater Ecosystems in Norway, Fagrapport FR 6/76, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Lewis, W. M. and Grant, M. C.: 1980,Science 207, 176.
Likens, G. E.: 1976,Chem. Eng. News 54, 29.
Likens, G. E. and Hendrey, G. R.: 1977,Chem. Eng. News. 25, 60.
Likens, G. E., Bormann, F. H., Pierce, R. S., Eaton, J. S., and Johnson, N. M.: 1977,Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Likens, G. E., Wright, R. F., Galloway, J. N., and Butler, T. J.: 1979,Sci. Am. 241, 43.
Lindberg, S. E., Harris, R. L., Turner, R. R., Shriner, D. S., and Huff, D. D.: 1979,Environmental Sciences Division Publ. No. 1299. ORNL/TM-6674. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN.
Malley, D. F.: 1980,Can. J. Fish. Aquatic Sci. 37, 364.
Mahlberg, P. G. and Yarus, S.: 1977,J. Exp. Bot. 28, 1137.
McFarlane, J. C. and Berry, W. L.: 1974,Plant Physiol. 53, 723.
McFee, W. W.: 1979, in:A National Program for Assessing the Problem of Atmospheric Deposition (Acid Rain), Council on Environmental Quality. National Atmospheric Deposition Program.
Moss, B.: 1973,J. Ecol. 61, 157.
Muniz, J. D. and Levistad, H.: 1980, in D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecological Impacts of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
NADP: 1979,National Atmospheric Deposition Program Data Report. Vol. I (1 and 2) Available from NADP Coordinator's Office, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, CSU, Fort Collins, CO.
NADP: 1980a,National Atmospheric Deposition Program Data Report. Vol. II (1 and 2) Available from NADP Coordinator's Office, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, CSU, Fort Collins, CO.
NADP: 1980b,National Atmospheric Deposition Program Data Report. Vol. II (3) Available from NADP Coordinator's Office, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, CSU, Fort Collins, CO.
National Research Council: 1973,Air Quality and Stationary Source Emission Control, U. S. Government Printing Office.
Niese, G.: 1971,Ecol. Stud. 2, 119.
Nyborg, M., Crepin, J., Hocking, D., and Baker, J.: 1976, in L. S. Dochinger and T. A. Seliga (eds.),Acid Precipitation and the Forest Ecosystem, USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-23, Upper Darby, PA.
Oden, S.: 1976,Water, Air, and Soil Pollut.,6, 137.
Ogiuti, K.: 1936,Jap. J. Exp. Med. 14, 19.
Pack, D. H.: 1980,Science 208, 1143.
Parsons, J. D.: 1968,Arch. Hydrobiol. 65, 25.
Peterson, R. H., Dave, P. G., and Metcalfe, J. L.: 1980, in D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecol. Impact of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Raddum, G.: 1978, in G. R. Hendrey (ed.),Limnological Aspects of Acid Precipitation, Rep. Internat. Workshop. Brookhaven National Laboratory Report 51074.
Raddum, G.: 1980, in D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecological Impacts of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Rajan, S. S.: 1979,Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 43, 65.
Raynor, G. S.: 1979, in W. Licht, A. J. Engel, and S. M. Slater (eds.),Control of Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources: Pollution Detection and Behavior in the Atmosphere, AIChE Symp. Ser. 188. Vol. 75, AIChE, N.Y.
Reuss, J. O.: 1978,Simulation of Nutrient Loss from Soils Due to Rainfall Acidity, Corvallis Environmental Res. Laboratory. Corvallis, OR, EPA 600/3-78-053.
Ridgway, R. L., Tinney, J. C., Macgregor, J. T., and Starler, N. J.: 1978,Environmental Health Perspectives 27, 103.
Roberts, T. M., Clarke, T. A., Ineson, P. and Gray, T. R.: 1980, in T. C. Hutchinson and M. Havas (eds.),Effects of Acid Precipitation on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Plenum Press, New York.
Robertson, J. K., Dolzine, T. W. and Graham, R. C.: 1980,Chemistry of Precipitation from Sequentially Sampled Storms. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park. N.C. Report No. EPA 600/4-80-004.
Rosenqvist, I. Th.: 1977,Sur Jord/Surt Vann, Ingeniorforlaget, Oslo, Norway.
Rosenqvist, I. Th.: 1976,Norwegian General Scientific Research Council Report, Oslo, Norway.
Rosenqvist, I. Th.: 1978, in J. R. Platton and E. N. Ziegler (eds.),Advances in Environmental Science and Engineering, Vol. 3, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
Rosenqvist, I. Th., Jørgensen, P., and Rueslatten, H.: 1980, in D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.)Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Runge, M.: 1971,Ecol. Stud. 2, 191.
Scheider, W. A., Adamski, J., and Paylor, M.: 1975,Reclamation of acidified lakes near Sudbury, Ontario, Ont. Min. Environ. Rexdale, Ontario.
Scheider, W. A., Jeffries, D. S., and Dillon, P. J.: 1979,J. Great Lakes Res. 5, 45.
Schofield, C. L.: 1976a, in L. S. Dochinger and T. A. Seliga (eds.)Acid Precipitation in the Forest Ecosystem, USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Report NE-23.
Schofield, C. L.: 1976b,Ambio 5, 228.
Seip, H. M.: 1980,Fagrapport FR 19/80, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Seip, H. M., Gjessing, E. T., and Kamben, H.: 1979,Intern Rapport IR 47/79, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Shaw, W. C.: 1979,Integrated pest management systems technology — past, present and future, Pest Management Workshop, Univ. Missouri, Columbia.
Shoesmith, J. G.: 1960,J. Gen. Microbiol. 22, 528.
Shriner, D. S.: 1978,Phytopathology 68, 213.
Shriner, D. S. and Henderson, G. S.: 1978,J. Environ. Qual. 7, 392.
Singh, B. R., Abrahamsen, G., and Stuanes, A.: 1980,Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44, 75.
Sollins, P., Grier, C. C., McCorison, F. M., Cromack, Jr., X., and Fogel, R.: (1981),Ecological Monographs 50, 261.
Stensland, G. J.: 1980, in R. G. Semonin, J. D. Bartlett, V. C. Bowersox, D. F. Gatz, D. Q. Naiman, M. E. Peden, R. K. Stahlhut, and G. J. Stensland (eds.),Study of Atmospheric Pollution Scavenging, COO-1169-60. 18th Prog. Rept. to the Dept. of Energy, Pollutant Characterization and Safety Res. Div.
Stensland, G. J.: 1979,The Formation and Fate of Atmospheric Nitrates, EPA Workshop Report, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Strand, L.: 1980,Intern Rapport IR 56/80, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Sutcliffe, D. W. and Carrick, T. R.: 1973,Freshwater Biol. 3, 437.
Swank, W. T. and Douglass, J. E.: 1977, in D. L. Correll (ed.),Watershed Research in Eastern North America, Vol. 1, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
Tabatabai, M. A. and Laflen, J. M.: 1976,Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 6, 361.
Tamm, C. O.: 1976,Ambio 5, 235.
Terman, C. L.: 1978,Tech. Bull. No. 23, The Sulphur Institute, Washington, DC.
Timberlid, A.: 1980,Intern Rapport IR 69/80, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Tollan, A. (Ed.): 1977,Surnedbar or Noen Alternative Kilder som Arsak til Forsuring av Vassdrag (Acid Precipitation and Some Alternative Sources as Causes of Acidification of Watersheds), SNSF Project Report, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Turner, J., Johnson, D. W., and Lambert, M. J.: 1980,Oecological Plantarum 15, 27.
Turner, J., Lambert, M. J., and Gessel, S. P.: 1977,Can J. For. Res. 7, 476.
Turner, J., Lambert, M. J., and Gessel, S. P.: 1979,Forest Sci. 25, 461.
Ulrich, B.: 1980, in T. C. Hutchinson and M. Havas (eds.),Effects of Acidic Precipitation on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Plenum Ecosciences Series, Plenum Press, NY.
Walker, N. and Wickramasinghe, K. N.: 1979,Soil Biol. Biochem. 11, 231.
Weber, D. F. and Gainey, P. L.: 1962,Soil Sci. 84, 138.
Welch, E. B. and Chamberlain, W. H.: 1981,Initial Detection of Acid Lakes in Washington State, Final Report to the National Park Sercice, U.S. Department of Interior.
Wiklander, L.: 1980, in T. C. Hutchinson and M. Havas (eds.),Effects of Acidic Precipitation on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Plenum Ecoscience Series. Plenum Press, NY.
Will, G. M. and Youngberg, C. T.: 1978,Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 42, 132.
Wood, T. and Bormann, F. H.: 1974,Environmental Pollut. 7, 259.
Wood, T. and Bormann, F. H.: 1975,Ambio 4, 169.
Wright, R. F., Conroy, N., Dickson, W. T., Harriman, R., Henriksen, A., and Schofield, L.: 1980, in D. Drabløs and A. Tollan (eds.),Ecological Impacts of Acid Precipitation, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Wright, R. F. and Henriksen, A.: 1978,Limnol. Oceanogr. 23, 487.
Wright, R. F. and Henriksen, A.: 1980,Intern Rapport IR 72/80, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Wright, R. F. and Snekvik, E.: 1977,Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 20.
Økland, J.: 1969,Malacologia 9, 143.
Økland, K. A.: 1969,Nytt Mag. Zool. 17, 1111.
Økland, K. A. and Kuiper, J. G. J.: 1980,Intern Rapport IR 61/60, SNSF Project, Ås-NLH, Norway.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Evans, L.S., Hendrey, G.R., Stensland, G.J. et al. Acidic precipitation: Considerations for an air quality standard. Water Air Soil Pollut 16, 469–509 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01048136
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01048136