Skip to main content
Log in

Psychological trauma: What clergy need to know

  • Published:
Pastoral Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article addresses the need for clergy to be better informed regarding the assessment and treatment of “post-traumatic stress disorder” (PTSD), and provides a quick reference guide to assist clergy in the recognition of PTSD with guidelines for interventions. In a society that is marked by unprecedented levels of violence and a growing shortage of mental health services, clergy are increasingly confronted with situations involving psychological trauma that require expert crisis intervention skills. This article provides specific, concrete guidelines for clergy confronted with situations that require knowledge about PTSD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Selected Bibliography

  • Figley, C. R. (1989).Helping the traumatized family. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foy, D. W. (Ed.) (1992).Treating post-traumatic stress disorder: cognitive-behavioral strategies. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorman, J. M. (1990).The essential guide to psychiatric drugs. New York: St. Martin's.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J. L. (1992).Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R. W. and Jackson, K. A. (1985).Practical psychology for pastors. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ochberg, F. M., (Ed.) (1988).Post-traumatic therapy and the victims of violence. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, K. C., Prout, M. F. and Schwarz, R. A. (1991).Post-traumatic stress disorder: A clinician's guide. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, J. and Johnson, J. (1990).Clinical psychopharmacology made ridiculously simple. Miami, FL: MedMaster, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

References

  • Abramczyk, L. W. (1981). The counseling function of pastors: A study in practice and preparation.Journal of Psychology and Theology, 9(3 257–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aldsdurf, J. M. (1985). Wife abuse and the church: The response of pastors.Response to the Victimization of Women and Children.8(1 9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aldsdurf, J. and Aldsdurf, P. (1989).Battered into Submission: The Tragedy of Wife Abuse in the Christian Home. Downers Grove, IL: Inter Varsity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association, (1987).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Revised. Washington, D.C.: APA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R. G., Robinson, C. and Ruben, H. L. (1978). Mental health training and consultation: a model for liaison with clergy.Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 29(12 800–802.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen, N. C. (1985). Post-traumatic stress disorder. In H. I. Kaplan and B. J. Sadock (Eds.).The Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 4th Edition. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkeson, B. M., Calhoun, K. S., Resick, P. A., and Ellis, E. M. (1982) Victims of rape: Repeated assessment of depressive symptoms.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50(1 96–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., Andreski, P. and Peterson, E. (1991). Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults.Archives of General Psychiatry, 48 216–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brock, B. (1982). Pastoral intervention in a temporary burn unit.Pastoral Psychology 29(4 270–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruder, E. (1971). The clergyman's contribution to community mental health.Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 54 207–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowker, L. H. (1982). Battered women and the clergy: an evaluation.The Journal of Pastoral Care, 26(4 226–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowker, L. H., and Maurer, L. (1987). The medical treatment of battered wives.Women and Health, 12(1 25–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowker, L. H. (1988). Religious victims and their religious leaders: services delivered to one thousand battered women by the clergy. In A. L., Horton and J. A. Williamson (eds.);Abuse and Religion: When Prayer Isn't Enough. (pp. 229–234). Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyajian, J. A. (1987). Elder abuse: the view from the chancel. In M. D. Pellauer, B. Chester and J. A. Boyajian (eds.),Sexual Assault and Abuse: A handbook for clergy and religious professionals. (pp. 31–45). San Francisco: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. B. (1985). Joining two social institutions to counter rural Alaska child abuse.Child Abuse and Neglect, 9(2 383–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, R. B. (1972). Helping the Helpers Help. New York: Seabury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, E. M. and Foy, D. W. (1992). Assessment and Treatment of Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a Medical Center Setting. In D. W. Foy (Ed.),Treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Cognitive-Behavioral Strategies. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cervantes, R. C., de Synder U.N.S.', and Padella, A. M. (1989). Posttraumatic stress in immigrants from Central American and Mexico.Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 40, 615–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalfant, H. P., Heller, P. L., Roberts, A., Briones, D., Aguirre-Hochbaum, S. and Farr, W. (1990). The clergy as a resource for those encountering psychological distress. Review of Religious Research, 31(3), 305–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinnici, R. (1985). Pastoral care following a natural disaster.Pastoral Psychology 33(4 245–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. (1986).Pastoral Care of Battered Women. Philadelphia: The Westminister Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemens, N. A., Corradi, R. B., and Wasman, M. (1978). The parish clergy as a mental health resource.Journal of Religion and Health, 17(4 227–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clinebell, H. (1984).Basic Types of Pastoral Care and Counseling.Nashville:Abingdon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cogswell, R. (1985). El Salvador still suffers. The Christian Century, 102, 1094–1098.

  • Cohen, M. S. (1989). The rabbi and the holocaust survivor. In P. Marcus and A. Rosenberg (Eds.):Healing Their Wounds- Psychotherapy with Holocaust Survivors and Their Families. (167–176). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, M. M. (1985). Consultation, collaboration and referral In Wicks, R. J., Parsons, R. D. and Capps, D. E., (Eds.),Clinical Handbook of Pastoral Counseling. (pp. 162–170). New York: Paulist Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, R. J. (1983). Samuel Pepys and Post-traumatic stress disorder.British Journal of Psychiatry, 143 64–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daries, J. M. (1990). Baptists and human liberation: South Africa.American Baptist Quarterly, 9(4, 307–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. (1992). Drug therapy of Post-traumatic stress disorder.British Journal of Psychiatry, 160 309–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. and Smith, R. D. (1990). Traumatic experiences in psychiatric outpatients.The Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3 459–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Fazio, V. (1975). The Vietnam era veteran: Psychological problems.Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 7 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denham, P. L. (1982). Toward an understanding of child rape.The Journal of Pastoral Care, 26(4 235–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domino, G. (1990). Clergy's knowledge of psychopathology.Journal of Psychology and Theology, 18(1 32–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domino, G. (1985). Clergy's attitudes toward suicide and recognition of suicide lethality.Death Studies, 9 187–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, M. A. (1992). Assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder among battered women. In D. Foy (Ed.).Treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Cognitive-Behavioral Strategies, New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairchild, R. W. (1980).Finding Hope Again: A Pastor's Guide to Counseling Depressed Persons. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Figley, C. R. (1989).Helping the Traumatized family. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortune, M. M. (1991).Violence in the Family: A Workshop Curriculum for Clergy and Other Helpers. Cleveland: The Pilgrim Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foy, D. W. (1992). Introduction and description of the disorder. In D. Foy (Ed.)Treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Cognitive-Behavioral Strategies. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foy, D. W., Sipprelle, R. C., Rueger, D. B. and Carroll, E. M. (1984). Etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans: Analysis of premilitary, military, combat exposure influence.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52 79–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M. J. (1988). Toward rational pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: An interim report.The American Journal of Psychiatry, 145(3 281–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furlong, M. (1991).A Dangerous Delight: Women and Power in the Church. London: SPCK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, J., Larson, D. B. and Allen, G. D. (1991). Religious commitment and mental health: A review of the empirical literature.Journal of Psychology and Theology, 118 6–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garbarino, J., Kostelny, K., and Dubrow, N. (1991). What children can tell us about living in danger.American Psychologist, 46(4 376–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, B. L., Lindy, J. D. and Grace, M. C. (1988). Long-term coping with combat stress.The Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1(4, 399–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golding, J. M., Siegel, J. M., Sorenson, S. B., Burham, M. A. and Stein, J. A. (1989). Social support services following sexual assault.Journal of Community Psychology, 17 92–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, J. (1988). Post-traumatic symptoms in abused children.The Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1(4 475–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorman, J. M. (1990).The Essential Guide to Psychiatric Drugs New York: St. Martin's.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griest, J. H. and Jefferson, J. W. (1984).Depression and Its Treatment. Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haugk, K. C. (1976). Unique contribution of churches and clergy to community mental health.Community Mental Health Journal, 12(1 20–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hearst, N., Newman, T. B. and Hulley, S. B. (1986). Delayed effects of the military draft on mortality: A randomized natural experiment.The New England Journal of Medicine, 314 620–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helzer, J. E., Robins L. N. and McEvoy, L. (1987). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population: findings from the epidemiology catchment area survey.The New England Journal of Medicine, 317(26 1630–1634.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J. L. (1992).Trauma and Recovery New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, C. B., and Howard, M. E. (1980). Recognition of suicide lethality factors by physicians, mental health professionals, ministers, and college students.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48 383–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, N. M. (1990). The politics of U. S. refugee policy.The Christian Century, 107(9 279–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, M., Wilmer, N., and Kaltreider, N. (1980). Signs and signals of post-traumatic stress disorder.Archives of General Psychiatry 37 85–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, B. L. and Lowe, D. (1989). Counseling activities and referral practices of rabbis.Journal of Psychology and Judaism, 13(3 133–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inman, D. J., Silver, S. M. and Doghramji, K. (1990). Sleep disturbance in post-traumatic stress disorder: A comparison with non-PTSD insomnia.The Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(3 429–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, M. (1983). Post-traumatic stress disorder: facing futility in and after Vietnam.Currents in Theology and Mission, 10(5 291–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacquet, C. (1986).Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches Nashville, TN: Abington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, C. (1976). Pastoral care and chronic disaster victims: the Buffalo Creek experience.The Journal of Pastoral Care, 33(3. 159–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaseman, C. M. and Anderson, R. G. (1977). Clergy consultation as a community mental health program.Community Mental Health Journal 13(1 84–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, R. T., Zimering, R. T. and Bender, M. E. (1985). A behavioral approach to assessing and treatment PTSD in Vietnam veterans. In C. R. Figley (Ed.),Trauma and its wake. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilpatrick, D. G., Best, C. L., Veronen, L. J., Amick, A. E., Villeponteaux, L. A. and Ruff, G. A. (1985). Mental health correlates of criminal victimization: A random community survey.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53 866–873.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilpatrick, D. G., Saunders, B. E., Amick-McMullan, A., Best, C. L., Veronen, L. J. and Resnick, H. S. (1989). Victim and crime factors associated with the development of crimerelated post-traumatic stress disorder.Behavior Therapy, 20 199–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinzie, J. D., Boehnlein, J. K., Leung, P. K., Moore, L. J., Riley, C. and Smith, D. (1990). The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and its clinical significance among Southeast Asian refugees.American Journal of Psychiatry, 147(7 913–917.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G., George, L. K., and Siegler, I. C. (1988). The use of religion and other emotion-regulating coping strategies among older adults.The Gerontologist, 28(3 303–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krystal, H. and Niederland, W. G. (1968). Clinical observations on the survivors syndrome. In H. Krystal (Ed.),Massive psychic trauma. New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Hough, R. L., Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S. and Grady, D. A. (1990)Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, D. B., Hohmann, A. A., Kessler, L. G., Meador, K. G., Boyd, J. H., and McSherry E. (1988). The couch and the cloth: the need for linkage.Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 39(10 1064–1069.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, D. B., Pattison, E. M., Blazer, D. G., Omran, A. R., and Kaplan, B. H. (1986). Systematic analysis of research variables in four major psychiatric journals.American Journal of Psychiatry, 143(3 329–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. R. (1976). Referral as an act of pastoral care.The Journal of Pastoral Care. 30(10), 186–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lernoux, P. (1980).Cry of the People Garden City, NJ.: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lifton, R. J. (1967).Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lifton, R. J. (1988). Understanding the traumatized self: Imagery, symbolization, and transformation. In J. P. Wilson, Z. Harel and B. Kahana (Eds.),Human Adaptation to Extreme Stress: From the Holocaust to Vietnam. New York: Plenum:

    Google Scholar 

  • Livezey, L. G. (1987) Sexual and family violence; a growing issue for the churches. Christian Century, 104, 935–942.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindy, J. D., Grace, M. C. and Green, B. L. (1981). Survivors: outreach to a reluctant population.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 51(3 468–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • LIndy, J. D., Green, B. L., Grace, M. C. and Titchner, J. (1983). Psychotherapy with the survivors of the Beverly Hills Supper Club fire.American Journal of Psychotherapy, 37 593–610.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz, W. (1990). “For we are strangers before Thee and sojourners”—2 Chron. 29:15.American Baptist Quarterly, 9(4 268–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, D. W. (1986). Counseling activities, and referral practices of ministers.Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 5(1 22–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg, S. (1987). Ministering to the victims of domestic violence.Christian Ministry, 18 25–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcleer, S. V., Deblinger, E., Atkins, M. S., Foa, E. B. and Ralphe, D. L. (1988). Post traumatic stress disorder in sexually abused children: A prospective study.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(5 650–654.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsakis, A. (1988).Vietnam Wives: Women and Children Surviving Life with Veterans Suffering Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Washington, DC: Woodbine House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R. W. and Jackson, K. A. (1985).Practical Psychology for Pastors Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mobley, M. F., Katz, E. K. and Elkins, R. L. (1985). Academic psychiatry and the clergy: An analysis of ministerial referrals.Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 36(1 79–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mollica, R. F., Streets, F. J., Boscarino, J., and Redlich, F. C. (1986). A community study of formal pastoral counseling activities of the clergy.American Journal of Psychiatry, 143(3 323–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mollica, R. F., Wyshak, G. and Lavelle J. (1987). The psychosocial impact of war trauma and torture on Southeast Asian refugees.American Journal of Psychiatry, 144 1567–1572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ochberg, F. M. (Ed.) (1988).Post-Traumatic Therapy and the Victims of Violence. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellauer, M. (1984). A theological perspective on sexual assault.Christianity and Crisis, 43 250–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, K. C., Prout M. F. and Schwarz, R. A. (1991).Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Clinician's Guide. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, C. C., Koval, J. and Lloyd, S. (1983). Service workers' response to abuse of the elder.Social Casework, March, 147–153.

  • Preston, J. and Johnson, J. (1990). Clinical Psychopharmacology Made Ridiculously Simple, Miami, FL: MedMaster, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reed, J. P. (1977). The pastoral care of victims of major disaster.The Journal of Pastoral Care, 21(2 97–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruch L. O. and Chandler S. M. (1983). Sexual assault trauma during the acute phase: An exploratory model and multivariate analysis.Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24 174–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlenger, W. E., Kulka, R. A., Fairbank, J. A., Hough, R. L., Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R. and Weiss, D. S. (1992). The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in the Vietnam generation: A multimethod, multisource assessment of psychiatric disorder.The Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3 333–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, S. L., Poos, P. A. and Balch, G. M. (1984). Recognizing the abused child,The Christian Century, 101 739–741.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shore, J. H., Tatum, E. L., and Vollmer, W. M. (1986). Psychiatric reaction to disaster: the Mount St. Helens experience.American Journal of Psychiatry, 143 590–596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sipe, A. W. R. and Rowe, C. J. (1984).Psychiatry, Ministry and Pastoral Counseling. Collegeville, Minn: Liturgical Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skolnik, G. L. (1989). The holocaust survivor in the Synagogue community: issues and perspective on pastoral care. In P. Marcus and A. Rosenberg (Eds.),Healing Their Wounds-Psychotherapy with Holocaust Survivors and Their Families. (pp. 155–166). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorenson, S. B. and Golding, J. M. (1990). (Eds.). Depressive sequelae of recent criminal victimization.The Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(3); 337–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone H. W., and Clements, W. M. (1990). (Eds.),Handbook for Basic Types of Pastor Care and Counseling. Nashville: Abingdon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swain, B. J. and Domino, G. (1985). Attitudes toward suicide among mental health professionals.Death Studies, 9 455–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swain, B. J. and Domino, G. (1986). Recognition of suicide lethality and attitudes toward suicide in mental health professionals.Omega, 16 (4 301–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Switzer, D. K. (1989).Pastoral Care Emergencies: Ministering to People in Crisis New York: Paulist Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Switzer, D. K. (1986).The Minister as the Crisis Counselor. Nashville: Abingdon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolander, S. M. (1990). The relationship of PTSD issues to the pastoral care of soldiers with battle fatigue.Military Chaplains' Review, Fall, 47–58.

  • Van der Kolk, B. A. (1987).Psychological Trauma Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veroff, J., Kulka, R. A., and Douvan, E. (1981).Mental Health in America: Patterns of Help-Seeking from 1957 to 1976. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Virkler, H. A. (1979). Counseling demands, procedures, and preparation of parish ministers: A descriptive study.Journal of Psychology and Theology, 7(4 271–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, L. E. (1985). The battered women syndrome study. In D. Finkelhor, R. J. Gelles, G. T. Hotaling and M. A. Strauss (Eds.),The Dark Side of Families (pp. 31–48). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wasman, M., Carradi, R. B., and Clemens N. A. (1979). In-depth continuing education for clergy in mental health: Ten years of a large scale program.Pastoral Psychology, 27(4 251–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, A. J. (1993a). Depression, What clergy need to know.Currents in Theology and Mission, 20(1 5–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, A. J. (1993b). Suicide prevention: What clergy need to know.The Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 12(1 70–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, A. J. (1992a). Working with potentially dangerous persons: What clergy need to know.Pastoral Psychology, 40(5 313–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, A. J. (1992b). The distressed family and wounded children.Journal of Religion and Health, 31(3 207–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver A. J. (1991). How marriage, family and child therapists can enhance referrals with the clergy.The California Therapist, 3(5 53–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinrich, S., Hardin, S. B. and Johnson, M. (1990) Nurses' response to hurricane Hugo victims' disaster stress.Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 4(3 195–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, D. S., Marmar, C. R., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Jordan, B. K., Hough, R. L. and Kulka, R. A. (1992). The prevalence of lifetime and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in the Vietnam theater veterans.The Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3 365–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M. M., Klerman, G. L., Markowitz, J. S. and Quellette, R. (1989). Suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts in panic disorders and attacks.The New England Journal of Medicine, 32(18 1209–1214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wick, E. (1985). Lost in the no-man's land between psyche and soul.Psychotherapy-Patient, 1(3 13–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wicks, R. J., Parsons, R. D. and Capps, D. E. (Eds.). (1985).Clinical Handbook of Pastoral Counseling. New York: Paulist Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiggens, C. (1987). The male minister and the female rape victim.The Christian Ministry, May, 24–25.

  • Williams, T. (Ed.). (1987). Diagnosis and Treatment of Survivor's Guilt: The Bad Penny. Cincinnati: Disabled American Veterans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winett, R. A., Majors, J. S. and Stewart, G. (1979). Mental health treatment and referral practices of clergy and physician caregivers,Journal of Community Psychology, 7 318–323.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Weaver, A.J. Psychological trauma: What clergy need to know. Pastoral Psychol 41, 385–408 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01032818

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01032818

Keywords

Navigation