Equilibrium superradiance in a Bose gas

Abstract

A model of free₄He atoms interacting with radiation exhibits an equilibrium phase transition in which the atomic ground-state Bose condensation is coupled to condensations of virtual photons and virtually excited atoms of the same macroscopic wavelength. The condensed phase has a twofold polarization degeneracy. It is suggested that this might furnish a mechanism for a discrete symmetry-related phase degeneracy of superfluid liquid⁴He required to explain the λ transition according to Tisza's generalized Gibbsian thermodynamics. A more realistic model would require inclusion of repulsive interactions.