Abstract
In order to treat active phenomena of open systems, we present a mesoscopic-level formulation of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, which is adaptable to the intermediate level between microscopic description and macroscopic one. In this formulation, an open system is represented by a mesoscopic modelM=(S,T),s, σ, γ).S is a set of mesoscopically coarse-grained states, each of which has the residual entropy s(a) (a∈S).T is a set of transitionsτ from I(τ)∈S toF(τ)∈S, and each τ∈T occurs at the transition probability rateγ(τ), and with the consumptionσ(τ) of the negentropy stored within the environment. The dynamical quantityγ is related to the thermostatic oness andσ through a postulate,individual detailed balance. This scheme is applied to various examples such as chemical reactions, reaction-random walks and lasers. A difference-operator method for lattice systems is also developed.
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Nakagomi, T. Mesoscopic thermodynamics of nonequilibrium open systems. I. Negentropy consumption and residual entropy. J Stat Phys 26, 567–611 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01011436
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01011436