Abstract
Increases and expansion of anthropogenic emissions of both oxidized nitrogen compounds, NOx, and a reduced nitrogen compound, NH3, have driven an increase in nitrogen deposition. We estimate global NOx and NH3 emissions and use a model of the global troposphere, MOGUNTIA, to examine the pre-industrial and contemporary quantities and spatial patterns of wet and dry NOy and NHx deposition. Pre-industrial wet plus dry NOx and NHx deposition was greatest for tropical ecosystems, related to soil emissions, biomass burning and lightning emissions. Contemporary NOy+NHx wet and dry deposition onto Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperate ecosystems averages more than four times that of preindustrial N deposition and far exceeds contemporary tropical N deposition. All temperate and tropical biomes receive more N via deposition today than pre-industrially. Comparison of contemporary wet deposition model estimates to measurements of wet deposition reveal that modeled and measured wet deposition for both NO −3 and NH +4 were quite similar over the U.S. Over Western Europe, the model tended to underestimate wet deposition of NO −3 and NH +4 but bulk deposition measurements were comparable to modeled total deposition. For the U.S. and Western Europe, we also estimated N emission and deposition budgets. In the U.S., estimated emissions exceed interpolated total deposition by 3-6 Tg N, suggesting that substantial N is transported offshore and/or the remote and rural location of the sites may fail to capture the deposition of urban emissions. In Europe, by contrast, interpolated total N deposition balances estimated emissions within the uncertainty of each.
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Abbreviations
- EMEP:
-
European Monitoring and Evaluation Program
- GEIA:
-
Global Emissions Inventory Activity
- NADP/NTN:
-
National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network in the US
- NH:
-
Northern Hemisphere
- NHx=NH3+NH 4+ NOx=NO+NO2 :
-
NOy total odd nitrogen=NOx+HNO3+HONO+HO2NO2+NO3+radical (NO3 .)+Peroxyacetyl nitrates+N2O5+organic nitrates
- SH:
-
Southern Hemisphere
- Gg:
-
109 g
- Tg:
-
1012 g
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Holland, E.A., Dentener, F.J., Braswell, B.H. et al. Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactive nitrogen budgets. Biogeochemistry 46, 7–43 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01007572
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01007572