Sassower R, Grodin MA. Scientific uncertainty and medical responsibility.Theoretical Medicine 1987;8:221–234.
Google Scholar
McWhinney IR. Are we on the brink of a major transformation of clinical method?CMAJ 1986;135:873–878.
Google Scholar
Pellegrino ED, Thomasma DC.A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice. Towards a Philosophy and Ethic of the Health Profession. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Google Scholar
Foss L. The challenge to biomedicine: A foundations perspective.J Medicine and Philosophy 1989;14:165–191.
Google Scholar
Ibid.
Google Scholar
Malterud K. Women's undefined disorders — A challenge for clinical communication.Family Practice 1992;9:299–303.
Google Scholar
Ibid.
Google Scholar
Malterud K.Allmennpraktikerens møte med kvinnelige pasienter (The Encounter between the General Practitioner and the Female Patients (In Norwegian, English summary). Thesis. Oslo: TANO, 1990.
Google Scholar
Malterud K. Key questions — a strategy for modifying clinical communication. Transforming tacit skills into a clinical method.Scand J Prim Health Care 1994;12:121–127.
Google Scholar
Gorovitz S, MacIntyre A. Toward a theory of medical fallibility.J Medicine and Philosophy 1976;1:51–71.
Google Scholar
Ibid.
Google Scholar
Sassower and Grodin, 1987
Latour B, Woolgar S.Laboratory Life. The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986 (first edition 1979).
Google Scholar
Foss, 1989.
Pellegrino, 1981.
Munson R. Why medicine cannot be a science.J Medicine and Philosophy 1981;6:183–208.
Google Scholar
Wulff HR. Rational diagnosis and treatment.J Medicine and Philosophy 1986;11:123–124.
Google Scholar
Ibid.
Google Scholar
Schön DA.The Reflective Practitioner. How Professionals Think in Action. London: Avebury, 1991.
Google Scholar
Stein HF. The role of some nonbiomedical parameters in clinical decision-making: An ethnographic approach.Qualitative Health Research 1991;1:6–26.
Google Scholar
McGuire CH. Medical problem-solving: A critique of the literature.J Med Educ 1985;60:587–595.
Google Scholar
Tversky A, Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases.Science 1974;185:1124–1131.
Google Scholar
Detmer DE, Fryback DG, Gassner K. Heuristics and biases in medical decision-making.J Med Educ 1978;53:682–683.
Google Scholar
Stein, 1991.
Ibid.
Pellegrino, 1981.
McWhinney IR. “An acquaintance with particulars ...”Family Medicine 1989;21:296–298.
Google Scholar
McWhinney IR. Medical knowledge and the rise of technology.J Medicine and Philosophy 1978;3:293–304.
Google Scholar
Hunter KM.Doctor's Stories. The Narrative Structure of Medical Knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Google Scholar
Polanyi M.The Tacit Dimension. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1983.
Google Scholar
Johannessen KS. Rule following intransitive understanding, and tacit knowledge. An understanding of the Wittgensteinian concept of practice as regards tacit knowing. In Høibraaten H, ed.Essays in Pragmatic Philosophy. Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1990;101–127.
Google Scholar
Schön, 1991.
Dreyfus HL, Dreyfus SE. Putting computers in their place.Social Research 1986;53:57–76.
Google Scholar
Balint M.The Doctor, His Patient and the Illness. London: Pitman Medical, 1964.
Google Scholar
Budd MA, Zimmerman ME. The potentiating clinician: Combining scientific and linguistic competence.Advances 1986;3:40–55.
Google Scholar
Helman C. The role of context in primary care.J Royal Coll Gen Pract 1984;34:547–550.
Google Scholar
Hunter, 1991.
Gross R, Lorenz W. Intuition in surgery as a strategy of medical decision-making: Its potency and limitations.Theor Surg 1990;5:54–59.
Google Scholar
Feinstein AR. An analysis of diagnsotic reasoning, II. The strategy of intermediate decisions.Yale J Biol Med 1973;46:264–283.
Google Scholar
Albert DA, Munson R, Resnik MD.Reasoning in Medicine. An Introduction to Clinical Inference. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
Google Scholar
Wulff, 1986.
Ibid.
Pellegrino ED, Thomasma DC.For the Patient's Good. The Restoration of Beneficence in Health Care. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Google Scholar
Gorovitz and MacIntyre, 1976.
McWhinney, 1989.
Widdershoven-Heerding I. Medicine as a form of practical understanding.Theoretical Medicine 1987;8:179–185.
Google Scholar
Foss, 1989.
Pellegrino ED. Philosophy of medicine: Problematic and potential.J Medicine and Philosophy 1976;1:5–31.
Google Scholar
Pellegrino, 1981.
Pellegrino, 1988.
Munson, 1981.
Gorovitz and MacIntyre, 1976.
Kuhn TS.The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
Google Scholar
Polkinghorne DE. Postmodern epistemology of practice. In Kvale S, ed.Psychology and Postmodernism. London: Sage, 1992.
Google Scholar
Polkinghorne D.Methodology for the Human Sciences. Systems of Inquiry. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983.
Google Scholar
Pellegrino, 1981.
Gorovitz and MacIntyre, 1976.
Gatens-Robinson E. Clinical judgment and the rationality of the human sciences.J Medicine and Philosophy 1986;11:167–178.
Google Scholar
Ibid.
Google Scholar
Johannessen KS. The concept of practice in Wittgenstein's later philosophy.Inquiry 1988;31:357–369.
Google Scholar
Schön, 1991.
Polkinghorne, 1992.
Schön, 1991.
Kvale S. To validate is to question. In Kvale S, ed.Issues of Validity in Qualitative Research. Lund: Studentlitteratur, 1989:73–92.
Google Scholar
Keller EF.Reflections on Gender and Science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985.
Google Scholar
Malterud, 1990.
Malterud, 1994.
Kvale, 1989.
Polkinghorne, 1992.
Stein, 1991.
McWhinney, 1986.
McWhinney, 1989.
Pellegrino, 1988.
Polanyi, 1983.
Gorovitz and MacIntyre, 1976.