Abstract
Recent studies of political beliefs have largely abandoned the traditional concern with their ideological content for a newfound interest in their cognitive content. This interest in shared cognition has shed new light onwhat people think about politics, but it has largely ignored the question ofhow people think about politics. This paper addresses one important dimension of that void by considering the structure of political cognition and, more specifically, how that structure varies across people. It uses a schematic approach to (1) develop a general unifying theory of the structure of political cognition; (2) suggest the political implications of different types of cognitive structure; and (3) develop an easily administered and construct-valid methodology for measuring the structure of political cognition. By way of illustration, this methodology is used to measure the structure of individuals' political cognitions about issues in their community.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agresti, A., and Agresti, B. F. (1977). Statistical analysis of qualitative variation. In K. F. Schuessler (ed.),Sociological Methodology 1978. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Axelrod, R. (1973). Schema theory.American Political Science Review 67:1248–1266.
Bolland, J. M. (1979). Conflict and consensus in American committees: Agenda setting as prelude to social change. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The Ohio State University.
Bolland, J. M., and Cigler, A. J. (1984). The group participation decision: The role of belief system structure. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.
Broadbent, D. E., Cooper, P. J., and Broadbent, M. H. P. (1978). A comparison of hierarchical and matrix retrieval schemas in recall.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 4:486–497.
Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., and Stokes, D. E. (1960).The American Voter. New York: Wiley.
Carr, J. E. (1980). Personal construct theory and psychotherapy research. In A. Landfield and L. M. Leitner (eds.),Personal Construct Psychology. New York: Wiley.
Carroll, J. D., and Chang, J. J. (1970). Analysis of individual differences in multidimensional scaling via an n-way generalization of “Eckart-Young” decomposition.Psychometrika 35:289–319.
Chase, W. G., and Simon, H. A. (1973). The mind's eye in chess. In W. G. Chase (ed.),Visual Information Processing. New York: Academic.
Conover, P. J., and Feldman, S. (1984). How people organize the political world: A schematic model.American Journal of Political Science 28:95–126.
Converse, P. E. (1964). The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In D. Apter (ed.),Ideology and Discontent. New York: Wiley.
Fiske, S. T., Kinder, D. R., and Larter, W. M. (1983). The novice and the expert: Knowledge-based strategies in political cognition.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19:381–400.
Fiske, S. T., and Linville, P. W. (1980). What does the schema concept buy us?Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 6:543–557.
Graber, D. A. (1984).Processing the News. New York: Longman.
Hammond, K. R., McClelland, G. H., and Mumpower, J. (1980).Human Judgment and Decision Making. New York: Praeger.
Harvey, O. J., Hunt, D. E., and Schroder, H. M. (1961).Conceptual Systems and Personality Organization. New York: Wiley.
Harvey, O. J., and Schroder, H. M. (1963). Cognitive aspects of self and motivation. In O. J. Harvey (ed.),Motivation and Social Interaction. New York: Ronald.
Hastie, R. (1981). Schematic principles in human memory. In E. T. Higgins, C. P. Herman, and M. P. Zanna (eds.),Social Cognition: The Ontario Symposium, Vol. 1. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Hunt, E. B., Lunneborg, C., and Lewis, J. (1975). What does it mean to be high verbal?Cognitive Psychology 7:194–227.
Kerlinger, F. N. (1979).Behavioral Research. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Larkin, J. H., McDermott, J., Simon, D. P., and Simon, H. A. (1980). Models of competence in solving physics problems.Science 208:1335–1342.
Kelly, G. A. (1955).The Psychology of Personal Constructs. New York: Norton.
Mathews, N. N., Hunt, E. B., and MacLeod, C. M. (1980). Strategy choice and strategy training in sentence-picture verification.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19:531–548.
Meyer, D. E. (1970). On the representation and retrieval of stored semantic information.Cognitive Psychology 1:242–300.
Mitchell, T. R. (1971). Cognitive complexity and group performance.Journal of Social Psychology 86:35–43.
Posthuma, A. B., and Carr, J. E. (1974). Differentiation matching in school desegregation workshops.Journal of Applied Social Psychology 4:36–46.
Rumelhart, D. E., Lindsay, P. H., and Norman, D. A. (1972). A process model for long-term memory. In E. Tulving and W. Donaldson (eds.),Organization of Memory. New York: Academic.
Rumelhart, D. E., and Ortony, A. (1977). The representation of knowledge in memory. In R. C. Anderson, R. J. Spiro, and W. E. Montegue (eds.),Schooling and the Acquisition of Knowledge. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Schroder, H. J., Driver, M. J., and Streufert, S. (1967).Human Information Processing. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Scott, W. A. (1962). Cognitive complexity and cognitive flexibility.Sociometry 25:405–414.
Scott, W. A., Osgood, D. W., and Peterson, C. (1979).Cognitive Structure. Washington, D.C.: Winston, (1979).
Sieber, J. E., and Lanzetta, J. T. (1964). Conflict and conceptual structure as determinants of decision-making behavior.Journal of Personality 32:622–641.
Streufert, S., and Streufert, S. C. (1978).Behavior in the Complex Environment. New York: Winston.
Taylor, S. E., and Crocker, J. (1981). Schematic bases of social information processing. In E. T. Higgins, C. P. Herman, and M. P. Zanna (eds.),Social Cognition: The Ontario Symposium, Vol. 1. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Torgerson, W. S. (1958).Theory and Method of Scaling. New York: Wiley.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bolland, J.M. The structure of political cognition: A new approach to its meaning and measurement. Polit Behav 7, 248–265 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00987308
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00987308