References
Palay, S. L., andChan-Palay, V. 1974. Cerebellar Cortex. Cytology and Organization. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.
McBride, A. J., Nadi, N. S., Altman, J., andAprison, M. H. 1976. Effects of selective doses of X-irradation on the levels of several amino acids in the cerebellum of the rat. Neurochem. Res. 1:141–152.
Roffler-Tarlov, S., andSidman, R. L. 1978. Concentrations of glutamic acid in cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei of normal mice and Weaver, Staggerer and Nervous mutants. Brain Res. 142:269–283.
Young, A. E., Oster-Granite, M. L., Herndon, R. M., andSnyder, S. H. 1974. Glutamic acid: selective depletion by viral-induced granule cell loss in hamster cerebellum. Brain Res. 73:1–13.
Fonnum, F. 1984. Glutamate: a neurotransmitter inmammalian brain. J. Neurochem. 42:1–11.
Curtis, D. R., andJohnston, G. A. R. 1974. Amino acids transmitters in the mammalian central nervous system. Ergeb. Physiol. Biol. Chem. Exp. Pharmacol. 69:97–188.
Fonnum, F., Storm-Mathisen, J., andWalberg, F. 1970. Glutamate decarboxylase in inhibitory neurons. A study of the enzyme in Purkinje cell axons and boutons in the cat. Brain Res. 20:259–275.
Altman, J. 1972. Postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex of the rat. I. The external germinal layer and the transitional molecular layer. J. Comp. Neurol. 145:353–398.
Altman, J. 1972. Postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex of the rat. III. Maturation of the components of the granular layer. J. Comp. Neurol. 145:465–514.
Levi, G. 1984. Release of putative transmitter amino acids. Pages 463–509,in Lajtha, A. (ed.), Handbook of Neurochemistry, 2nd edition, Vol 6, Plenum Press, New York.
Drejer, J., Larsson, O. M., andSchousboe, A. 1983. Characterization of uptake and release processes ford- andl-aspartate in primary cultures of astrocytes and cerebellar granule cells. Neurochem. Res. 8:231–243.
Hertz, L. 1979. Functional interactions between neurons and astrocytes I. Turnover and metabolism of putative amino acid transmitters. Progr. in Neurobiol. 13:277–323.
Semenoff, D., andKimelberg, H. K. 1985. Autoradiography of high affinity uptake of catecholamines by primary astrocyte cultures. Brain Res. 348:125–136.
Wilkin, G. P., andLevi, G. 1986. Cerebellar astrocytes.in Fedoroff, S., andVernadakis, A. (eds.), Astrocytes, Academic Press, New York.
Stewart, M. R., andRosenberg, R. N. 1979. Physiology of glia: glial-neuronal interactions. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 21:275–309.
Raiteri, M., Marchi, M., andMaura, G. 1984. Release of catecholamines, serotonin, and acetylcholine from isolated brain tissue. Pages 431–462,in Lajtha, A. (ed.), Handbook of Neurochemistry, 2nd edition, vol 6, Plenum Press, New York.
Garthwaite, J., Woodhams, P. L., Collins, M. J., andBalazs, R. 1979. On the preparation of brain slices: morphology and cyclic nucleotides. Brain Res. 173:373–377.
Wilkin, G. P., Garthwaite, J., andBalazs, R. 1982. Putative acidic amino acid transmitters in the cerebellum. II. Electron microscopic localization of transport sites. Brain Res. 244:69–80.
Levi, G., andRaiteri, M. 1976. Synaptosomal transport processes. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 19:51–74.
Raiteri, M., andLevi, G. 1978. Release mechanisms for catecholamines and serotonin in synaptosomes. Pages 77–130,in Ehrenpreis, S., andKopin, I. (eds.), Reviews of Neuroscience, vol 3, Raven Press, New York.
Currie, D. N., andDutton, G. R. 1980. [3H]GABA uptake as a marker for cell types in primary cultures of cerebellum and olfactory bulb. Brain Res. 199:473–481.
Kingsbury, A. E., Gallo, V., Woodhams, P. L., andBalazs, R. 1985. Survival, morphology and adhesion properties of cerebellar interneurons cultured in chemically defined and serum-supplemented medium. Dev. Brain Res. 17:17–25.
Levi, G., Aloisi, F., Ciotti, M. T., andGallo, V. 1984. Autoradiographic localization and depolarization-induced release of acidic amino acids in differentiating cerebellar granule cell cultures. Brain Res. 290:77–86.
Thangnipon, W., Kingsbury, A. E., Webb, M., andBalazs, R. 1983. Observations on rat cerebellar cells in vitro: influence of substratum, potassium concentration and relationship between neurons and astrocytes. Dev. Brain Res. 11:177–189.
Gallo, V., Ciotti, M. T., Coletti, A., Aloisi, F., andLevi, G. 1982. Selective release of glutamate from cerebellar granule cells differentiating in culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 79:7919–7923.
Meier, E., Regan, C. M., andBalazs, R. 1984. Changes in the expression of a neuronal surface protein during development of cerebellar neurons in vivo and in culture. J. Neurochem. 43:1328–1335.
Webb, M. 1983. Cell surface sialoglycoproteins of cultured rat cerebellar interneurons. J. Neurochem. 40:769–776.
Siegel, G. J., Albers, R. W., Agranoff, B. W., andKatzman, R. (eds.), 1981. Basic Neurochemistry. Little, Brown and Company, Boston.
Levi, G., Gordon, R. D., Gallo, V., Wilkin, G. P., andBalazs, R. 1982. Putative acidic amino acid transmitters in the cerebellum I. Depolarization-induced release. Brain Res. 239:425–445.
Blaustein, M. P. 1975. Effects of potassium, veratridine and scorpion venom on calcium accumulation and transmitter release by nerve terminals in vitro. J. Physiol. 247:617–655.
Redburn, D., Broome, D., Ferkany, J., andEnna, S. J. 1978. Development of rat brain uptake and calcium-dependent release of GABA. Brain Res. 152:511–519.
Sandoval, M. E., andCotman, C. W. 1978. Evaluation of glutamate as a neurotransmitter of cerebellar parallel fibers. Neuroscience 3:199–206.
Levi, G., Gallo, V., Ciotti, M. T., andRaiteri, M. 1979. GABA fluxes in presynaptic nerve endings from immature rats. J. Neurochem. 33:1043–1053.
Benjamin, A. M., andQuastel, J. H. 1972. Location of amino acids in brain slices from the rat. Tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of amino acids. Biochem. J. 128:631–646.
Levi, G., Gallo, V., andRaiteri, M. 1980. A reevaluation of veratridine as a tool for studying the depolarization-induced release of neurotransmitters from nerve endings. Neurochem. Res. 5:281–295.
Neal, M. J., andBowery, N. G. 1979. Differential effects of veratridine and potassium depolarization on neuronal and glial GABA release. Brain Res. 167:337–343.
Cutler, R. W. P., andYoung, J. 1979. The effect of penicillin on the release of γ-aminobutyric acid from cerebral cortex slices. Brain Res. 170:157–163.
Foster, A. C., andRoberts, P. J. 1980. Endogenous amino acid release from rat cerebellum in vitro. J. Neurochem. 35:517–519.
Flint, R. S., Rea, M. A., andMcBride, W. J. 1981. In vitro release of endogenous amino acids from granule cell-, stellate cell-, and climbing fiber-deficient cerebella. J. Neurochem. 37:1425–1430.
Toggenburger, G., Wiklund, L. Henke, H., andCuenod, M. 1983. Release of endogenous and accumulated exogenous amino acids from slices of normal and climbing fibre-deprived rat cerebellar slices. J. Neurochem. 41:1606–1613.
Levi, G., andGallo, V. 1981. Glutamate as a putative transmitter in the cerebellum: stimulation by GABA of glutamic acid release from specific pools. J. Neurochem. 37:22–31.
Raiteri, M., Maura, G., Bonanno, G., andPittalunga, A. 1986. Differential pharmacology, neuronal localization and function of two 5HT1 receptor subtypes in rat cerebellum. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
Pearce, B. R., andDutton, G. R. 1981. K+-stimulated release of endogenous glutamate, GABA and other amino acids from neuron- and glia-enriched cultures of the rat cerebellum. FEBS Lett. 135:215–218.
Bosley, T. M., Woodhams, P. L., Gordon, R. D., andBalazs, R. 1983. Effects of anoxia on the stimulated release of amino acid neurotransmitters in the cerebellum in vitro. J. Neurochem. 40:189–201.
Kingsbury, A., Gallo, V., andBalazs, R. 1985. Stimulus-coupled amino acid release in cultures of cerebellar granule cells. Neurosci. Lett. Supplement 22:S236.
Bradford, H. F., Ward, H. K., andThomas, A. J. 1978. Glutamine—a major substrate for nerve endings. J. Neurochem. 30:1453–1459.
Hamberger, A. C., Chiang, G. H., Nylén, E. S., Scheff, S. W., andCotman, C. W. 1979. Glutamate as a CNS transmitter. I. Evaluation of glucose and glutamine as precursors for the synthesis of preferentially released glutamate. Brain Res. 168:513–530.
Watkins, J. C. 1978. Excitatory amino acids. Pages 37–69,in McGeer, E. G., Olney, J. W., andMcGeer, P. L. (eds.), Kainic Acid as a Tool in Neurobiology, Raven Press, New York.
Foster, A. C., andFagg, G. E. 1984. Acidic amino acid binding sites in mammalian neuronal membranes: Their characteristics and relationship to synaptic receptors. Brain Res. Reviews 7:103–164.
Rea, M. A., McBride, W. J., andRohde, B. M. 1980. Regional and synaptosomal levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in the 3-acetylpiridine deafferentated cerebellum. J. Neurochem. 34:1106–1108.
Kimura, H., Okamoto, K., andSakai, Y. 1985. Pharmacological evidence forl-aspartate as the neurotransmitter of the cerebellar climbing fibres in the guinea-pig. J. Physiol. 365:103–119.
Balcar, V. J., andJohnston, G. A. R. 1972. The structural specificity of the high affinity uptake ofl-glutamate andl-aspartate by rat brain slices J. Neurochem. 19:2657–2665.
Garthwaite, J., andGarthwaite, G. 1985. Site ofd-[3H]aspartate accumulation in mouse cerebellar slices. Brain Res. 343:129–136.
De Barry, J., Langley, O. K., Vicendon, G., andGombos, G. 1982.l-Glutamate andl-glutamine uptake in adult rat cerebellum: an autoradiographic study. Neuroscience 7:1289–1297.
Aloisi, F., Ciotti, M. T., andLevi, G. 1985. Characterization of GABAergic neurons in cerebellar primary cultures and selective neurotoxic effect of a serum fraction. J. Neurosci. 5:2001–2008.
Levi, G., Wilkin, G. P., Ciotti, M. T., andJohnstone, S. 1983. Enrichment of differentiated stellate astrocytes in cerebellar interneuron cultures as studied by GFAP immunofluorescence and autoradiographic uptake patterns withd-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA. Dev. Brain Res. 10:227–241.
Currie, D. N., andKelly, J. S. 1981. Glial versus neuronal uptake of glutamate. J. Exp. Biol. 95:181–193.
Daguet, M. C., Di Porzio, U., Prochiantz, A., Kato, A., andGlowinski, J. 1980. Release of dopamine from dissociated mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in primary cultures in absence or presence of striatal target cells. Brain Res. 191:564–568.
Starke, K. 1981. Presynaptic receptors. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 21:7–30.
Langer, S. Z. 1981. Presynaptic regulation of the release of catecholamines. Pharmacol. Rev. 32:337–362.
Gallo, V., Aloisi, F., andLevi, G. 1983. Muscimol potentiation of acidic amino acid release from cerebellar synaptosomes is chloride-dependent. J. Neurochem. 40:939–945.
Aloisi, F., Gallo, V., andLevi, G. 1983. Substrate specificity and developmental aspects of a presynaptic GABA receptor regulating glutamate release in the rat cerebellum. J. Neurosci. Res. 10:142–149.
Dolphin, A. C. 1982. Noradrenergic modulation of glutamate release in the cerebellum. Brain Res. 252:111–116.
Tran, V., andSnyder, S. M. 1979. Amino acid neurotransmitter candidates in the cerebellum: selective effects of kainic acid lesions. Brain Res. 167:345–353.
Rohde, B. H., Rea, M. A., Simon, J. R., andMcBride,W. J. 1979. Effects of X-irradiation induced loss of cerebellar granule cells on the synaptosomal levels and the high affinity uptake of amino acids. J. Neurochem. 32:1431–1435.
Patel, A. J., andBalazs, R. 1975. Effect of X-irradiation on the biochemical maturation of rat cerebellum: metabolism of14C-glucose and14C-acetate. Radiat. Res. 62:456–469.
Hertz, L., Yu, A. C. H., Potter, R. L., Fisher, T. E., andSchousboe, A. 1983. Metabolic fluxes from glutamate and towards glutamate in neurons and astrocytes in primary cultures. Pages 327–342,in Hertz, L., Kvamme, E., McGeer, E. G., andSchousboe, A. (eds.), Glutamine, Glutamate and GABA in the Central Nervous System, Alan R. Liss, New York.
Patel, A. J., Hunt, A., Gordon, R. D., andBalazs, R. 1982. The activities in different neural cell types of certain enzymes associated with the metabolic compartmentation of glutamate. Dev. Brain Res. 4:3–11.
Wilkin, G. P., Levi, G., Johnstone, S., andRiddle, P. N. 1983. Cerebellar astroglial cells in primary culture: expression of different morphological appearances and different ability to take upd-[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA. Dev. Brain Res. 10:265–277.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Levi, G., Gallo, V. Release studies related to the neurotransmitter role of glutamate in the cerebellum: An overview. Neurochem Res 11, 1627–1642 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00967741
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00967741