Skip to main content
Log in

Histopathology and detection of hepatitis C virus in liver

  • Published:
Springer Seminars in Immunopathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. Abe K, Kurata T, Shikata T (1989) Non-A, non-B hepatitis: visualisation of virus-like particles from chimpanzee and human sera. Arch Virol 104: 351

    Google Scholar 

  2. Agnello V, Abel G, Knight G (1993) The role of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the pathogenesis of type II cryoglobulinemia. Arthritis Rheum 36: S241

    Google Scholar 

  3. Alberti A, Morsica G, Chemello L, Cavalletto D, Noventa F, Pontisso P, Ruol A (1992) Hepatitis C viraemia and liver disease in symptom-free individuals with anti-HCV. Lancet 340: 697

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bach N, Thung SN, Schaffner F (1992) The histological features of chronic hepatitis C and autoimmune chronic hepatitis: a comparative analysis. Hepatology 15: 572

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ballardini G, Groff P, Giostra F, Francesconi R, Miniero R, Ghetti SZ, D, Bianchi FB (1995) Hepatocellular codistribution of c100, c33, c22, and NS5 hepatitis C virus antigens detected by using immunopurified polyclonal spontaneous human antibodies. Hepatology 21: 730

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ballardini G, Groff P, Pontisso P, Giostra F, Francesconi R, Lenzi M, Zauli D, Alberti A, Bianchi FB (1995) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype, tissue HCV antigens, hepatocellular expression of HLA-A,B,C, and intercellular adhesion-1 molecules. Clues to pathogenesis of hepatocellular damage and response to interferon treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Clin Invest 95: 2067

    Google Scholar 

  7. Banner BF, Barton AL, Cable EE, Smith L, Bonkovsky HL (1995) A detailed analysis of the Knodell score and other histological parameters as predictors of response to interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C. Mod Pathol 8: 232

    Google Scholar 

  8. Barton AL, Banner BF, Cable EE, Bonkovsky HL (1995) Distribution of iron in the liver predicts the response of chronic hepatitis C infection to interferon therapy. Am J Clin Pathol 103: 419

    Google Scholar 

  9. Blight K, Trowbridge R, Rowland R, Gowans E (1992) Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by in situ hybridisation. Liver 12: 286

    Google Scholar 

  10. Blight K, Rowland R, Hall PD, Lesniewski RR, Trowbridge R, LaBrooy JT, Gowans EJ (1993) Immunohistochemical detection of the NS4 antigen of hepatitis C virus and its relation to histopathology. Am J Pathol 143: 1568

    Google Scholar 

  11. Blight K, Lesniewski RR, LaBrooy JT, Gowans EJ (1994) Detection and distribution of hepatitis C-specific antigens in naturally infected liver. Hepatology 20: 553

    Google Scholar 

  12. Blight K, Trowbridge R, Gowans EJ (1996) Absence of double-stranded replicative forms of HCV RNA in liver tissue from chronically infected patients. J Viral Hepatitis 3: 29

    Google Scholar 

  13. Böker KHW, Dalley G, Bahr MJ, Maschek H, Tillmann HL, Trautwein C, Oldhaver K, Bode U, Pichlmayr R, Manus MP (1997) Long-term outcome of hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation. Hepatology 25: 203

    Google Scholar 

  14. Brillanti S, Foli M, Gaiani S, Masci C, Miglioli M, Barbara L (1993) Persistent hepatitis C viraemia without liver disease. Lancet 341: 464

    Google Scholar 

  15. Busachi CA, Realdi G, Alberti A, Badiali-De Giorgi L, Tremolada F (1981) Ultrastructural changes in the liver of patients with chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. J Med Virol 7: 205

    Google Scholar 

  16. Cho SW, Hwang SG, Han DC, Jin SY, Lee MS, Shim CS, Lee DW, Lee HB (1996) In situ detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in liver tissue using a digoxigenin-labelled probe created during a polymerase chain reaction. J Med Virol 48: 227

    Google Scholar 

  17. Coltorti M, Romano M, Persico M, Morisco F, Tuccillo C, Caporaso N (1995) Hepatitis C virus RNA in serum and liver histology in asymptomatic anti-HCV positive subjects. Infection 23: 33

    Google Scholar 

  18. Danque POV, Bach N, Schaffner F, Gerber MA, Thong SN (1993) HLA-DR expression in bile duct damage in hepatitis C. Mod Pathol 6: 327

    Google Scholar 

  19. Davis GL, Lau JY (1995) Choice of appropriate end points of response to interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 22: 110

    Google Scholar 

  20. De Vita S, Sansonno D, Dolcetti R, et al (1995) Hepatitis C virus within a malignant lymphoma lesion in the course of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 86: 1887

    Google Scholar 

  21. De Vos R, De Wolf-Peeters C, Vanstapel MJ, Callea F, De Groote G, Desmyter J, Mortelmans J, Fevery J, De Groote J, Desmet VJ (1982) New ultrastructural marker in hepatocytes in non-A, non-B viral hepatitis. Liver 2: 35

    Google Scholar 

  22. Dhillon AP, Dusheiko GM (1995) Pathology of hepatitis C virus infection. Histopathology 26: 297

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dhillon AP, Burroughs AK, Hudson M, Shah N, Rolles K, Scheuer PJ (1994) Hepatic venular stenosis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 19: 106

    Google Scholar 

  24. Di Bisceglie AM, Hoofnagle JH, Krawczynski K (1993) Changes in hepatitis C virus antigen in liver with antiviral therapy. Gastroenterology 105: 858

    Google Scholar 

  25. El-Batanony MH, Savage K, Jacobs R, El-Refaie AO, Squadrito G, Brown D, Saleh SM, Raouf AA, Amer KM, Dusheiko GM, Scheuer PJ, Dhillon AP (1994) Hepatitis C virus-polymerase chain reaction of routinely processed liver biopsy samples. J Med Virol 43: 380

    Google Scholar 

  26. Emile JF, Sebagh M, Féray C, David F, Reynès M (1993) The presence of epithelioid granulomas in hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. Hum Pathol 24: 1095

    Google Scholar 

  27. Ferrell LD, Wright TL, Roberts J, Ascher N, Lake J (1992) Hepatitis C viral infection in liver transplant recipients. Hepatology 16: 865

    Google Scholar 

  28. Fiore G, Fera G, Napoli N, Vella F, Schiraldi O (1996) Liver steatosis and chronic hepatitis C: a spurious association? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 8: 125

    Google Scholar 

  29. Fischer H-P, Willsch E, Bierhoff E, Pfeifer U (1996) Histopathological findings in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 24[Suppl]: 35

    Google Scholar 

  30. Freni MA, Artuso D, Gerken G, Spanti C, Marafioti T, Alessi N, Spadaro A, Ajello A, Ferraù O (1995) Focal lymphocytic aggregates in chronic hepatitis C: occurrence, immunohistochemical characterization, and relation to markers of autoimmunity. Hepatology 22: 389

    Google Scholar 

  31. Friedlander L, Van Thiel DH, Faruki H, Molloy PJ, Kania RJ, Hassanein T (1996) New approach to HCV treatment. Recognition of disease process as systemic viral infection rather than as liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 41: 1678

    Google Scholar 

  32. Gane EJ, Portmann BC, Naoumov NV, Smith HM, Underhill JA, Donaldson PT, Maertens G, Williams R (1996) Long-term outcome of hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 334: 815

    Google Scholar 

  33. Gastaldi M, Massacrier A, Planells R, Robaglia-Schlupp A, Portal-Bartolomei I, Bourliere M, Quilici F, Fiteni J, Mazzella EC, Can P (1995) Detection by in situ hybridisation of hepatitis C virus positive and negative RNA strands using digoxigenin-labelled cRNA probes in human liver cells. J Hepatol 23: 509

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gerber MA (1993) Relation of hepatitis C virus to hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 17 [Suppl 3]: S108

    Google Scholar 

  35. Gerber MA, Krawczynski K, Alter MJ, Sampliner RE, Margolis HS, Sentinel counties chronic non-A non-B hepatitis study team (1992) Histopathology of community acquired chronic hepatitis C. Mod Pathol 5: 483

    Google Scholar 

  36. 36.Goldin RD, Levine TS, Foster GR, Thomas HC (1996) Granulomas and hepatitis C. Histopathology 28: 265

    Google Scholar 

  37. González-Peralta RP, Fang JW, Davis GL, Gish R, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Kohara M, Mondelli MU, Lesniewski R, Phillips MI, Mizokami M (1994) Optimization for the detection of hepatitis C virus antigens in the liver. J Hepatol 20: 143

    Google Scholar 

  38. González-Peralta RP, Fang JW, Davis GL, Gish RG, Kohara M, Mondelli MU, Urdea MS, Mizokami M, Lau JY (1995) Significance of hepatic expression of hepatitis C viral antigens in chronic hepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci 40: 2595

    Google Scholar 

  39. Greenson JK, Svoboda-Newman SM, Merion RM, Frank TS (1996) Histological progression of recurrent hepatitis C in liver transplant allografts. Am J Sung Pathol 20: 731

    Google Scholar 

  40. Gretch DR, Bacchi CE, Corey L, Dela Rosa C, Lesniewski RR, Kowdley K, Gown A, Frank I, Perkins JD, Carithers RLJ (1995) Persistent hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation: clinical and virological features. Hepatology 22: 1

    Google Scholar 

  41. Guido M, Thung SN (1996) The value of identifying hepatitis C virus in liver pathology specimens. Hepatology 23: 376

    Google Scholar 

  42. Gurakar A, Fagiuoli S, Faruki H, De Maria N, Balkan M, Van Thiel DH, Friedlander L (1995) Utility of hepatitis C virus RNA determinations in hepatic tissue as an end point for interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 22: 1109

    Google Scholar 

  43. Haber MM, West AB, Haber AD, Reuben A (1995) Relationship of aminotransferases to liver histological status in chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 90: 1250

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hamada M, Kihira T, Takase K, Nakano T, Tameda Y, Kosaka Y (1995) Hepatocyte regeneration in chronic hepatitis C and interferon treatment: analysis of immunohistological identification of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). J Gastroenterol 30: 372

    Google Scholar 

  45. Haruna Y, Hayashi N, Hiramatsu N, Takehara T, Hagiwara H, Sasaki Y, Kasahara A, Fusamoto H, Kamada T (1993) Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in liver tissues by an in situ hybridisation technique. J Hepatol 18: 96

    Google Scholar 

  46. Healey CJ, Chapman RW, Fleming KA (1995) Liver histology in hepatitis C infection: a comparison between patients with persistently normal or abnormal transaminases. Gut 37: 274

    Google Scholar 

  47. Hino K, Okuda M, Konishi T, Yamashita A, Kayano K, Kubota M, Yasunaga M, Fukumoto Y, Okita K (1992) Analysis of lymphoid follicles in liver of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Liver 12: 387

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hiramatsu N, Hayashi N, Haruna Y, Kasahara A, Fusamoto H, Mori C, Fuke I, Okayama H, Kamada T (1992) Immunohistochemical detection of hepatitis C virus-infe cted hepatocytes in chronic liver disease with monoclonal antibodies to core, envelope and NS3 regions of the hepatitis C virus genome. Hepatology 16: 306

    Google Scholar 

  49. Hiramatsu N, Hayashi N, Katayama K, Mochizuki K, Kawanishi Y, Fusamoto H, Kamada T (1994) Immunohistochemical detection of Fas antigen in liver tissue of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 19: 1354

    Google Scholar 

  50. Hollingsworth RC, Sillekens P, van Deursen P, Neal KR, Irving WL (1996) Serum HCV RNA levels assessed by quantitative NASBA: stability of viral load over time, and lack of correlation with liver disease. J Hepatol 25: 301

    Google Scholar 

  51. Horiike N, Onji M, Kumon I, Kanaoka M, Michitaka K, Ohta Y (1993) Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on the hepatocyte membrane of patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. Liver 13: 10

    Google Scholar 

  52. Idrovo V, Dailey PJ, Jeffers LJ, Coelho-Little E, Bartholomew M, Alvarez L, Urdea MS, Collins ML, Reddy KR, Bernstein D, Schiff ER (1996) HCV RNA quantitation in right and left lobes of the liver in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepatitis 3: 239

    Google Scholar 

  53. Jouët P, Roudot-Thoraval F, Dhumeaux D, Métreau J-M, Le Groupe Français pour l'étude du traitement des hépatites chroniques NANB/C (1994) Comparative efficacy of interferon alfa in cirrhot and noncirrhotic patients with non-A, non-B, C hepatitis. Gastroenterology 106: 686

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kaji K, Nakanuma Y, Sasaki M, Unoura M, Kobayashi K, Nonomura A, Tsuneyama K, Van de Water J, Gershwin ME (1994) Hepatitic bile duct injuries in chronic hepatitis C: histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. Mod Pathol 7:937

    Google Scholar 

  55. Khakoo ST, Soni PN, Savage K, Brown D, Dhillon AP, Poulter LW, Dusheiko GM (1997) Lymphocyte and macrophage phenotypes in chronic hepatitis C infection. Correlation with disease activity. Am J Pathol 150:963

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kobayashi K, Hashimoto E, Ludwig J, Hiramatsu T, Obata H (1993) Liver biopsy features of acute hepatitis C compared withhepatitis A, B, and non-A, non-B, non-C. Liver 13: 69

    Google Scholar 

  57. Kojima S, Tanaka Y, Enomoto N, Marumo F, Sato C (1996) Distribution of hepatitis C virus RNA in the liver and its relation to histopathological changes. Liver 16: 55

    Google Scholar 

  58. Komminoth P, Adams V, Long AA, Roth J, Saremaslani P, Flury RS, M, Heitz PU (1994) Evaluation of methods for hepatitis C virus detection in archival liver biopsy samples. Comparison of histology, immunohistochemistry, in-situ hybridisation, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and in-situ RT-PCR. Pathol Res Pract 190: 1017

    Google Scholar 

  59. Krawczynski K, Beach M, Di Bisceglie A, Kim J, Alter M, Bradley D, Reyes G (1990) Hepatocellular HCV-associated antigen and antibody: viral specificity and relation to natural history of infection. Hepatology 12: 905

    Google Scholar 

  60. Krawczynski K, Beach MJ, Bradley DW, Kuo G, Di Bisceglie AM, Houghton M, Reyes GR, Kim JP, Choo Q-L, Alter MJ (1992) Hepatitis C virus antigen in hepatocytes: immunomorphological detection and identification. Gastroenterology 103: 622

    Google Scholar 

  61. Kumagai N, Kuramochi S, Toda K, Iwabuchi N, Tsuchimoto K, Tsunematsu S, Saito H, Morizane T, Tsuchiya M, Ishii H (1996) Assessment of histological features and outcome of interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol 31: 69

    Google Scholar 

  62. Lamas E, Baccarini P, Housset C, Kremsdorf D, Brechot C (1992) Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA sequences in liver tissue by in situ hybridisation. J Hepatol 16: 219

    Google Scholar 

  63. Lau GK, Davis GL, Wu SP, Gish RG, Balart LA, Lau JY (1996) Hepatic expression of hepatitis C virus RNA in chronic hepatitis C: a study by in situ reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Hepatology 23: 1318

    Google Scholar 

  64. Lau JY, Davis GL (1994) Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA genome in liver tissue by nonisotopic in situ hybridisation. J Med Viral 42: 268

    Google Scholar 

  65. Lau JY, Mizokami M, Ohno T, Diamond DA, Kniffen J, Davis GL (1993) Discrepancy between biochemical and virological responses to interferon-alpha in chronic hepatitis C. Lancet 342: 1208

    Google Scholar 

  66. Lefkowitch JH, Schiff ER, Davis GL, Perrillo RP, Lindsay K, Bodenheimer HCJ, Balart LA, Ortego TJ, Payne J, Dienstag JL, Gibas A, Jacobson IM, Tamburro CH, Carey W, O'Brien C, Sampliner R, Van Thiel DH, Feit D, Albrecht J, Meschievitz C, Sanghvi B, Vaughan RD, the Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group (1993) Pathological diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C: a multicenter comparative study with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 104: 595

    Google Scholar 

  67. Li X, Jeffers LJ, Shao L, Reddy KR, De Medina M, Scheffel J, Moore B, Schiff ER (1995) Identification of hepatitis C virus by immunoelectron microscopy. J Viral Hepatitis 2: 227

    Google Scholar 

  68. Liaw Y-F (1995) Role of hepatitis C virus in dual and triple hepatitis virus infection. Hepatology 22: 1101

    Google Scholar 

  69. Linnen J, Wages JJ, Zhang-Keck Z-Y, Fry KE, Krawczynski KZ, Alter H, Koonin E, Gallagher M, Alter M, Hadziyannis S, Karayiannis P, Fung K, Nakatsuji Y, Shih JW-K, Young L, Piatak MJ, Hoover C, Fernandez J, Chen S, Zou J-C, Morris T, Hyams KC, Ismay S, Lifson JD, Hess G, Foung SKH, Thomas H, Bradley D, Margolis H, Kim JP (1996) Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: a tranfusion-transmissible agent. Science 271: 505

    Google Scholar 

  70. Löhr HF, Schlaak JF, Kollmannsperger S, Dienes H-P, Meyer zum Biischenfelde K-H, Gerken G (1996) Liver-infiltrating and circulating CD4+ T cells in chronic hepatitis C: immunodominant epitopes, HLA-restriction and functional significance. Liver 16: 174

    Google Scholar 

  71. Marrogi AJ, Cheles MK, Gerber MA (1994) Chronic hepatitis C. Analysis of host immune response by immunohistochemistry. Arch Pathol Lab Med 119: 232

    Google Scholar 

  72. Mattsson L, Sönnerborg A, Weiland O (1993) Outcome of acute symptomatic non-A, non-B hepatitis: a 13-year follow-up study of hepatitis C virus markers. Liver 13: 274

    Google Scholar 

  73. McGuinness PH, Bishop GA, Painter DM, Chan R, McCaughan GW (1996) Intrahepatic hepatitis C RNA levels do not correlate with degree of liver injury in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 23: 676

    Google Scholar 

  74. McMahon RFT, Yates AJ, McLindon J, Babbs C, Love EM, Warnes TW (1994) The histopathological features of asymptomatic hepatitis C virus-antibody positive blood donors. Histopathology 24: 517

    Google Scholar 

  75. Mizuno M, Yamada G, Tanaka T, Shimotohno K, Takatani M, Tsuji T (1995) Virion-like structures in HeLa cells transfected with the full-length sequence of the hepatitis C virus genome. Gastroenterology 109: 1933

    Google Scholar 

  76. Moldvay J, Deny P, Pol S, Brechot C, Lamas E (1994) Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of infected patients by in situ hybridisation. Blood 83: 269

    Google Scholar 

  77. Mosnier J-F, Degott C, Marcellin P, Hénin D, Erlinger S, Benhamou J-P (1993) The intraportal lymphoid nodule and its environment in chronic active hepatitis C: an immunohistochemical study. Hepatology 17: 366

    Google Scholar 

  78. Nakao S, Lai CJ, Young NS (1989) Dengue virus, a flavivirus propagates in human bone marrow progenitor and hematopoietic cell lines. Blood 74: 1235

    Google Scholar 

  79. Negro F, Pacchioni D, Shimizu Y, Miller RH, Bussolati G, Purcell RHB, F. (1992) Detection of intrahepatic replication of hepatitis C virus RNA by in situ hybridisation and comparison with histopathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 2247

    Google Scholar 

  80. Ng ML, Corner LC (1989) Detection of some dengue-2 virus antigens in infected cells using immunomicroscopy. Arch Virol 104: 197

    Google Scholar 

  81. Nouri-Aria KT, Sallie R, Sangar D, Alexander GJ, Smith H, Byrne J, Portmann B, Eddleston AL, Williams R (1993) Detection of genomic and intermediate replicative strands of hepatitis C virus in liver tissue by in situ hybridisation. J Clin Invest 91: 2226

    Google Scholar 

  82. Nuovo GJ, Lidonnici K, MacConnell P, Lane B (1993) Intracellular localisation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified hepatitis C cDNA. Am J Surg Pathol 17: 683

    Google Scholar 

  83. Okuno T, Arai K, Matsumoto M, Shindo M (1995) Epithelioid granulomas in chronic hepatitis C: a transient pathological feature. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 10: 532

    Google Scholar 

  84. Patel T, Gores GJ (1995) Apoptosis and hepatobiliary disease. Hepatology 21: 1725

    Google Scholar 

  85. Payan C, Bloch F, Gaultier I, Belec L (1995) Single-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for hepatitis C virus RNA with DNA enzyme immunoassay hybridisation. J Virol Methods 53: 167

    Google Scholar 

  86. Piperno A, Fargion S, D'Alba R, Roffi L, Fracanzani AL, Vecchi L, Failla M, Morelli G (1992) Liver damage in Italian patients with hereditary hemochromatosis is highly influenced by hepatitis B and C virus infection. J Hepatol 16: 364

    Google Scholar 

  87. Rosman AS, Paronetto F, Galvin K, Williams RJ, Lieber CS (1993) Hepatitis C virus antibody in alcoholic patients. Association with the presence of portal and/or lobular hepatitis. Arch Intern Med 153: 965

    Google Scholar 

  88. Sallie R, Cohen AT, Tibbs CJ, Portmann BC, Rayner A, O'Grady JG, Tan K-C, Williams R (1994) Recurrence of hepatitis C following orthotopic liver transplantation: a polymerase chain reaction and histological study. J Hepatol 21: 536

    Google Scholar 

  89. Sansonno D, Dammacco F (1993) Hepatitis C virus c100 antigen in liver tissue from patients with acute and chronic infection. Hepatology 18: 240

    Google Scholar 

  90. Sata M, Fukuizumi K, Uchimura Y, Nakano H, Ishii K, Kumashiro R, Mizokami M, Lau JYN, Tanikawa K (1996) Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with clinically diagnosed alcoholic liver diseases. J Viral Hepatitis 3: 143

    Google Scholar 

  91. Schaff Z, Lotz G, Schulte-Herman R (1996) Pathomorphological characteristics and pathogenesis of viral hepatitis. Pathol Oncol Res 2: 132

    Google Scholar 

  92. Scheuer PJ, Ashrafzadeh P, Sherlock S, Brown D, Dusheiko GM (1992) The pathology of hepatitis C. Hepatology 15: 567

    Google Scholar 

  93. Schluger LK, Sheiner PA, Thung SN, Lau JYN, Min A, Wolf DC, Fiel I, Zhang D, Gerber MA, Miller CM, Bodenheimer HCJ (1996) Severe recurrent cholestatic hepatitis C following orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 23: 971

    Google Scholar 

  94. Schmid M, Flury R, Bühler H, Havelka J, Grob PJ, Heitz PU (1994) Chronic viral hepatitis B and C: an argument against the conventional classification of chronic hepatitis. Virchows Arch 425: 221

    Google Scholar 

  95. Sebagh M, Farges O, Emile J-F, Bismuth H, Reynès M (1995) An unusual pattern of hepatitis C virus infection in a liver allograft. Histopathology 27: 190

    Google Scholar 

  96. Sergi C, Goeser T, Otto G, Otto HF, Hofmann WJ (1996) A rapid and highly specific technique to detect hepatitis C RNA in frozen sections of liver. J Clin Pathol 49: 369

    Google Scholar 

  97. Sheen I, Liaw Y, Lin D, Chu C (1996) Acute exacerbations in chronic hepatitis C: a clinicopathological and prognostic study. J Hepatol 24: 525

    Google Scholar 

  98. Sherman KE, Lewey SM, Goodman ZD (1995) Talc in the liver of patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Am J Gastroenterol 90: 2164

    Google Scholar 

  99. Shiffman ML, Contos MJ, Luketic VA, Sanyal AJ, Purdum PPI, Mills AS, Fisher RA, Posner MP (1994) Biochemical and histological evaluation of recurrent hepatitis C following orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 57: 526

    Google Scholar 

  100. Shimizu YK, Feinstone SM, Purcell RH, Alter HJ, London WT (1979) Non-A, non-B hepatitis: ultrastructural evidence for two agents in experimentally infected chimpanzees. Science 205: 197

    Google Scholar 

  101. Shimizu YK, Feinstone SM, Kohara M, Purcell RH, Yoshikura H (1996) Hepatitis C virus: detection of intracellular virus particles by electron microscopy. Hepatology 23: 205

    Google Scholar 

  102. Sugano M, Hayashi Y, Yoon S, Kinoshita M, Ninomiya T, Ohta K, Itoh H, Kasuga M (1995) Quantitation of hepatitis C viral RNA in liver and serum samples using competitive polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Pathol 48: 820

    Google Scholar 

  103. Tanaka Y, Enomoto N, Kojima S, Tang L, Goto M, Marumo F, Sato C (1993) Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in the liver by in situ hybridisation. Liver 13: 203

    Google Scholar 

  104. Thung SN, Shim K-S, Shieh C, Schwartz M, Theise N, Borcich A, Katz E, Miller C, Gerber MA (1993) Hepatitis C in liver allografts. Arch Pathol Lab Med 117: 145

    Google Scholar 

  105. Tox U, Kolbe E, Tien D, Krausslich HG, Hofmann WJ, Muller HM, Goeser T, Nawroth PP, Kommerell B, Theilmann L (1993) Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in liver paraffin sections by in situ hybridisation: distribution and identification of infected cells. Hepatology 18: 82A

    Google Scholar 

  106. Tremolada F, Casarin C, Alberti A, Drago C, Tagger A, Ribero ML, Realdi G (1992) Long-term follow-up of non-A, non-B (type C) post-transfusion hepatitis. J Hepatol 16: 273

    Google Scholar 

  107. Tsutsumi M, Urashima S, Takada A, Date T, Tanaka Y (1994) Detection of antigens related to hepatitis C virus RNA encoding the NS5 region in the livers of patients with chronic type C hepatitis. Hepatology 19: 265

    Google Scholar 

  108. Van Thiel DH, Friedlander L, Fagiuoli S, Wright HI, Irish W, Gavaler JS (1994) Response to interferon therapy is influenced by the iron content of the liver. J Hepatol 20: 410

    Google Scholar 

  109. Vaquer P, Canet R, Llompart A, Riera J, Obrador A, Gayá J (1994) Histological evolution of chronic hepatitis C. Factors related to progression. Liver 14: 265

    Google Scholar 

  110. Vento S, Concia E, Ferraro T (1996) Lack of sustained efficacy of interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 334: 1479

    Google Scholar 

  111. Watanabe S, Shirai M, Arima K, Nishicka M, Ohbayashi M, Schiff ER (1995) Hepatic cytomembranous inclusions in patients with type C chronic hepatitis. Int Hepatol Commun 3: 190

    Google Scholar 

  112. Westaway EG (1987) Flaviviruses replication strategy. Adv Virus Res 33: 45

    Google Scholar 

  113. Wong DT (1996) Have you seen the hepatitis C virus? Hepatology 24: 465

    Google Scholar 

  114. Yamada G, Nishimoto H, Endou H, Doi T, Takahashi M, Tsuji T, Yoshizawa H, Nozawa M, Koji M, Nakane PK (1993) Localisation of hepatitis C viral RNA and capsid protein in human liver. Dig Dis Sci 38: 882

    Google Scholar 

  115. Yamada S, Koji T, Nozawa M, Kiyosawa K, Nakane PK (1992) Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in paraffin embedded tissue sections of human liver of non-A, non-B hepatitis patients by in situ hybridisation. J Clin Lab Anal 6: 40

    Google Scholar 

  116. Yano M, Kumada H, Kage M, Ikeda K, Shimamatsu K, Inoue O, Hashimoto E, Lefkowitch JH, Ludwig J, Okuda K (1996) The long-term pathological evolution of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 23: 1334

    Google Scholar 

  117. Yap SH, Willems M, Van den Oord J, Habets W, Middeldorp JM, Hellings JA., Nevens F, Moshage H, Desmet V, Fevery J (1994) Detection of hepatitis C virus antigen by immuno-histochemical staining: a histological marker of hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 20: 275

    Google Scholar 

  118. Zeuzem S, Schmidt JM, Lee JH, Ruster B, Roth WK (1996) Effect of interferon alfa on the dynamics of hepatitis C virus turnover in vivo. Hepatology 23: 366

    Google Scholar 

  119. Ziol M, Tran Van Nhieu J, Roudot-Thoraval F, Métreau J-M, Deugnier Y, Dhumeaux D, Zafrani ES (1996) A histopathological study of the effects of 6-month versus 12-month interferon on α-26 therapy in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 25: 833

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Scheuer, P.J., Krawczynski, K. & Dhillon, A.P. Histopathology and detection of hepatitis C virus in liver. Springer Semin Immunopathol 19, 27–45 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00945023

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00945023

Keywords

Navigation