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Relationship between nitrogen fixation and mycorrhiza

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Summary

Since the discovery of mycorrhizal symbiosis 100 years ago, its role in the nitrogen metabolism of plants has received much attention. In early literature there are numerous reports of the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by mycorrhizal fungi. N-fixation has been suggested in most kinds of mycorrhizal systems, i.e. ectomycorrhizal forest trees, orchids, Ericales, and VA-mycorrhizal plants. Today, however, it is generally accepted that only procaryotic organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen and that both ecto- and endomycorrhizal fungi lack this capacity. Many vascular plants possess both mycorrhizae and N-fixing symbiotic organs. This group includes legumes with rhizobial nodules and non-legumes with actinorrhizal nodules. Mycorrhizae of such systems can be either ectotrophic or endotrophic, or both. Nitrogen fixation in forests and other natural ecosystems has recently been attributed mainly to associative-symbiotic bacteria, i.e. bacteria living in the rhizosphere or close proximity of plant roots. Since the roots, in fact, are usually also infected by mycorrhizal fungi, a new concept of mycorrhizosphere has been introduced. Relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and N-fixing bacteria of the mycorrhizosphere are poorly known. N-fixing bacteria have been found even inside the fungal mantle of ectomycorrhizae.

Résumé

Depuis la découverte de la symbiose mycorhizienne, il y 100 ans, son rôle dans le métabolisme azoté des plantes a reçu beaucoup d'attention. Dans la litérature ancienne, on trouve beaucoup de rapports sur la fixation de l'azote atmosphérique par les champignons des mycorhizes. La fixation de N été suggérée pour la plupart des systèmes de mycorhizes, c'est à dire pour les ectomycorhizes des arbres forestiers, des orchidées, des Ericales, et pour les plantes à mycorhizes yésiculaires-arbusculaires (VA). Aujourd'hui, cependant, il est généralement reconnu que neuls les organismes procaryotes peuvent fixer l'azote atmosphérique et que, par conséquent, les champignons des ecto- et endo-mycorhizes sont dépourvus de cette aptitude. Un grand nombre de plantes vasculaires possèdent à la fois des mycorhizes et des organes symbiotiques fixant l'azote. Ce groupe comprend les légumineuses à nodules rhizobiens et des nonlégumineuses à nodules actinorhiziens. Les mycorhizes de ces systèmes peuvent être ecto- ou endo-trophiques ou les deux à la fois. La fixation de l'azote dans les forêts et d'autres écosystèmes naturels a récemment été attribuée aux bactéries associatives-symbiotiques, c'est à dire à des bactéries vivant dans la rhizosphère où en proximité étroite avec les racines des plantes. Comme les racines, en fait, sont en même temps inféctées par des champignons mycorhiziens, un nouveau concept de la ‘mycorhizosphère’ s'est introduit. Les relations entre champignons des mycorhizes et bactéries fixatrices de l'azote sont mal connues. On a trouvé des bactéries fixatrices à l'intérieur même du manteau fongique des ecto-mycorhizes.

Resumen

Desde el descubrimiento de la simbiosis micorrízica hace 100 años su papel en el metabolismo nitrogenado de las plantas ha recibido una atención preferente. En la literatura más antigua peuden encontrarse numerosas referencias relacionadas con la fijación de nitrógeno atmosférico por hongos micorrízicos. La fijación de nitrógeno ha sido sugerida una y otra vez para la mayoría de sistemas micorrízicos (ectomicorrizas de árboles, orquídeas, ericaceas y plantas con micorrizas VA). Hoy en día se acepta, sin embargo, que en términos generales tan solo organismas procariotas son capaces de fijar nitrógeno atmosférico y por lo tanto los hongos tanto ecto como endo-micorrízicos no pueden tener dicha propiedad. Un gran número de plantas poseen a la vez micorrizas y organismos simbióticos de fijación de N. Estas incluyen las leguminosas con nódulos deRhizobium y no leguminosas con nódulos actinorrízicos. Las micorrizas de dichas sistemas pueden ser ecto o endotróficas o ambos tipos a la vez. La fijación de nitrógeno en bosques y otros ecosistemas naturales ha sido recientemente atribuida principalmente a bacterias de tipo asociative-simbiótico, es decir bacterias que viven en ia rizosfera o en las cercanías de las raíces de las plantas. Debito a que las raíces, de hecho, estan al mismo tiempo infectadas por hongos micorrízicos, un nuevo concepto, ‘la micorrizofera’ ha sido acieñado. Las relaciones entre hongos micorrízicos y bacterias fijadoras de N son poco conocidas. Se han encontrado bacterias fijadoras de N todavia dentro el manto fúngico de las ectomicorrizas.

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Mikola, P.U. Relationship between nitrogen fixation and mycorrhiza. Mircen Journal 2, 275–282 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00933493

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