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Real Birkhoff normal forms and complex coordinates

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Abstract

When dealing with Birkhoff normal forms, one can often simplify notations and computations by interpreting pairs of real coordinates as complex coordinates. In the present paper we try to establish an adequate frame for this old and useful trick: Starting with an embedding of a real vector space in a complex one, we construct the respective embedding of the vector fields and the analogue of the homological operator. The construction offers a systematic technique of introducing complex coordinates; in the last section we show how it applies to some well-known examples.

Zusammenfassung

Man kann sich die Arbeit mit Birkhoff-Normalformen häufig wesentlich vereinfachen, indem man Paare reeller Koordinaten als je eine komplexe Koordinate auffaßt. Diesem alten und nützlichen Trick versuchen wir in der vorliegenden Arbeit einen angemessenen Rahmen zu geben: Ausgehend von der Einbettung eines reellen Vektorraumes in einen komplexen, konstruieren wir die entsprechende Einbettung der Vektorfelder und das Analogon des homologischen Operators. Wir stellen damit einen Algorithmus zur Einführung komplexer Koordinaten bei Birkhoff-Normalformen bereit; im letzten Abschnitt erproben wir ihn an einigen wohlbekannten Beispielen.

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Menck, J. Real Birkhoff normal forms and complex coordinates. Z. angew. Math. Phys. 44, 131–146 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00914357

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00914357

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