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Polarization selective optical heterodyne detection for dramatically improved sensitivity in laser spectroscopy

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Abstract

The noise characteristic of available laser sources limits the sensitivity of many types of nonlinear spectroscopy. We show how to maximize the sensitivity by optimizing the strength of a local oscillator wave in a heterodyne detection scheme without altering the amplitude of the wave being detected. The intensity profile of the optimum local oscillator closely matches that of the incident probe wave, but the optimum intensity is much less than that of the probe under realistic conditions. A general signal-to-noise analysis applicable to all nonlinear spectroscopy techniques is presented along with specific applications to coherent Raman spectroscopy, two-photon absorption, saturation spectroscopy, and optical coherent transient techniques. A simple optimization procedure employing polarization selection rules is described. Detailed calculations are performed for the case of TEM00 waves interacting via a third-order nonlinear susceptibility and for the case where the sample is simultaneously probed at many different frequency combinations.

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Author notes

  1. M. D. Levenson

    Present address: Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, 80309, Boulder, CO, USA

  2. G. L. Eesley

    Present address: General Motors Research Laboratories, 48090, Warren, MI, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, 90007, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    M. D. Levenson & G. L. Eesley

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  1. M. D. Levenson
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  2. G. L. Eesley
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Supported by the National Science Foundation and Office of Naval Research.

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Levenson, M.D., Eesley, G.L. Polarization selective optical heterodyne detection for dramatically improved sensitivity in laser spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. 19, 1–17 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00900531

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