Skip to main content
Log in

Imaging properties and applications of scanning optical microscopes

  • Invited Paper
  • Published:
Applied physics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review paper is concerned with the imaging properties and major uses of scanning optical microscopes. It is shown that the confocal scanning microscope exhibits a form of super-resolution and that the instrument in general has great application in nonlinear microscopy and the inspection of electronic devices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J.Z.Young, F.Roberts: Nature167, 231 (1951)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. P.Montgomery, F.Roberts, W.Bonner: Nature177, 1172 (1956)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. V.K.Zworykin, F.L.Hatke: Science126, 805 (1957)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. J.J.Freed, J.L.Engle: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.97, 412 (1962)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. R.C.Mellors, R.Silver: Science114, 356 (1951)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. H.C.Box, H.Freund: Rev. Sci. Instrum.30, 28 (1959)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. J.A.Dobrowolski, W.Godfrey, P.N.Slater, W.Weinstein: J. Opt. Soc. Am.47, 186 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  8. P.N.Slater: J. Opt. Soc. Am.49, 562 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  9. W.T.Welford: InOptics in Metrology, ed. by P.Mollet (Pergamon Press, Oxford 1960)

    Google Scholar 

  10. J.Lekavich, G.Hrbek, W.Watson: “Electro-optical Systems Design Conference”. New York City (1970)

  11. B.Sherman, J.F.Black: Appl. Opt.9, 802 (1970)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. A.Korpel, R.L.Whitman: Appl. Opt.8, 1577 (1969)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. T.Sawatari: Appl. Opt.12, 2768 (1973)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. P.A.Franken, A.E.Hill, C.N.Peters, G.W.Weinreich: Phys. Rev. Lett.7, 118 (1961)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. T.Wilson, J.N.Gannaway: Optik54, 201 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  16. K.Murata: “Instruments for the measuring of optical transfer functions”, Progr. Opt.5, 199 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  17. C.J.R.Sheppard, A.Choudhary: Opt. Acta24, 1051 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  18. C.J.R.Sheppard, T.Wilson: Opt. Acta25, 315 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  19. G.J.Brakenhoff: Int. Comm. Opt. Madrid (1978)

  20. R.A.Lemons, C.F.Quate: Appl. Phys. Lett24, 163 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. T.Wilson: Oxford Univ. Eng. Lab. Report 1243/78 (1978)

  22. J.N.Gannaway, C.J.R.Sheppard, T.Wilson: UKAEA Diffraction Analysis Conference, ND-R-337(5), 17 (1978)

  23. T.Wilson, D.K.Hamilton, P.J.Shadbolt, B.Dodd: Met. Sci.144 (April 1980)

  24. T.Wilson, J.N.Gannaway, C.J.R.Sheppard: To be published

  25. A.Yariv:Quantum Electronics (Wiley, New York 1967)

    Google Scholar 

  26. R.Hellwarth, P.Christensen: Opt. Commun.12, 318 (1974)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. J.N.Gannaway, C.J.R.Sheppard: Opt. Quant. Electron.10, 435 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. J.N.Gannaway, T.Wilson: Proc. R. Microsc. Soc.14, 170 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  29. R.Kompfner, R.A.Lemons: Appl. Phys. Lett.28, 295 (1976)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. T.Wilson, C.J.R.Sheppard: Opt. Actor26, 761 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  31. C.J.R.Sheppard, R.Kompfner: Appl. Opt. 2879 (1978)

  32. J.N.Gannaway, T.Wilson: Electron. Lett.14, 507 (1978)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. D.B.Holt:Quantitative Scanning Electron Microscopy (Academic Press, New York 1974)

    Google Scholar 

  34. T.Wilson, W.Osicki, J.N.Gannaway, G.R.Booker: J. Mater Sci.14, 961 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  35. W.C.Dash, R.Newman: Phys. Rev.99, 1151 (1955)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. T.Wilson, J.N.Gannaway, P.Johnson: J. Microscopy118, Pr3, 309 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  37. T.H.Distephano, J.J.Cuomo: Appl. Phys. Lett.30, 351 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. D.V.Lang, C.H.Henry: Solid State Electron.21, 1519 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. M.Minsky: U.S. Patent 3013467, Microscopy apparatus Dec. 19 (1961) (filled Nov. 7, 1957)

  40. M.D.Egger, M.Petran: Science157, 305 (1967)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. P.Davidovits, M.D.Egger: Nature223, 831 (1969)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. C.J.R.Sheppard, T.Wilson: Opt. Lett.3, 115 (1978)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. C.J.R.Sheppard, T.Wilson: Optik (1980, in press)

  44. C.J.R.Sheppard, T.Wilson: J. Microsc.114, 179 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  45. W.Welford: J. Opt. Soc. Am.50, 749 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  46. H.H.Hopkins: Proc. R. Soc. A217, 408 (1953)

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  47. C.J.R.Sheppard, T.Wilson: Appl. Opt.18, 7 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  48. C.J.R.Sheppard, T.Wilson: Philos. Trans. R. Soc.295, 513 (1980)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. C.J.R.Sheppard, T.Wilson: Appl. Opt.18, 3764 (1979)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. T.Wilson, C.J.R.Sheppard: J. Opt. Soc. Am.69, 1443 (1979)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. G.J.Brakenhoff: Int. Comm. Optics (1978)

  52. C.J.R.Sheppard, T.Wilson: Opt. Acta (1980, in press)

  53. M.E.Cox: InInterpretive Techniques for Microstructural Analysis (Plenum Press, New York 1977)

    Google Scholar 

  54. T.Wilson, C.J.R.Sheppard: S.P.I.E. Int. Opt. Comp. Conf. Washington D.C. (1980)

  55. M.D.Egger, M.Petran: Science157, 305 (1967)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. M.Petran, M.Hadravsky, M.D.Egger, R.Galambos: J. Opt. Soc. Am.58, 661 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  57. C.J.R.Sheppard, T.Wilson: To be published

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wilson, T. Imaging properties and applications of scanning optical microscopes. Appl. Phys. 22, 119–128 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00885994

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00885994

PACS

Navigation