Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physics of fracturing and seismic energy release: A review

  • Published:
pure and applied geophysics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review was prepared as an opening lecture for the International Symposium on Physics of Fracturing and Seismic Energy Release, held at the Castle of Liblice near Prague from October 28 to November 1, 1985, and organized by the Geophysical Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. The review attempts to classify and synthesize results of recent studies in fracture mechanics and earthquake source physics. The following topics are discussed: recent developments in fracture mechanics, earthquake source modeling, heterogeneous fault planes, foreshocks and aftershocks, faults and fractals, and moment tensor solutions. This rather broad range of topics prevents presentation of a complete list of all relevant works, though over one hundred and seventy references are cited.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aki, K. (1979),Characterization of barriers on an earthquake fault. J. Geophys. Res.84, 6140–6148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K.,A probabilistic synthesis of precursory phenomena. InEarthquake Prediction (eds. Simpson, D. W. and Richards, P. G.), Maurice Ewing Series4, (Am. Geophys. Union, 1981).

  • Aki, K. (1982),Strong motion prediction using mathematical modeling techniques. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, S29-S41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1984),Asperities, barriers and characteristic earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res.89, 5867–5872.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. andPatton, H. (1978),Determination of seismic moment tensor using surface waves. Tectonophysics49, 213–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K., Bouchon, M., Chouet, B. andDas, S. (1977),Quantitative prediction of strong motion for a potential earthquake fault. Ann. Geofis.30, 341–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, D. J. (1976),Rupture velocity of plane strain shear cracks. J. Geophys. Res.81, 5679–5687.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, D. J. (1980),A stochastic fault model, 1. Static case. J. Geophys. Res.85, 3867–3877.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, D. J. (1981),A stochastic fault model, 2. Time-dependent case. J. Geophys. Res.86, 10,821–10,834.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, D. J. (1985a),Dynamic plane-strain shear rupture with a slip-weakening friction law calculated by a boundary integral method. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.75, 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, D. J. (1985b),Dynamic mixed-mode shear crack calculation by a boundary integral method with a generalized friction law. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. (in press).

  • Archuleta, R. J. (1985),A fault model for the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake. J. Geophys. Res. (in press).

  • Archuleta, R. J. andDay, S. M. (1980),Dynamic rupture in a layered medium: the 1966 Parkfield earthquake. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.70, 671–689.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archuleta, R. J. andFrazier, G. A. (1978),Three-dimensional numerical simulations of dynamic faulting in a half-space. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.68, 573–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archuleta, R. J., Cranswick, E., Mueller, C. andSpudich, P. (1982),Source parameters of the 1980 Mammoth Lakes, California, earthquake sequence. J. Geophys. Res.87, 4595–4607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aviles, C. A. andScholz, C. H. (1985),Fractal analysis of characteristic fault segments of the San Andreas Fault System (abstract). EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union66, 314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakun, W. H. andMcEvilly, T. V. (1979),Are foreshocks distinctive? Evidence from the 1966 Parkfield and the 1975 Oroville, California sequences. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.69, 1027–1038.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, J. S. andLangston, C. A. (1982),Moment tensor inversion of complex earthquakes. Geophys. J.68, 777–803.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, J. S. andLangston, C. A. (1983),A teleseismic body-wave analysis of the May 1980 Mammoth Lakes, California, earthquakes. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.73, 419–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, S. L. andRuff L. J. (1984),The rupture process of the great 1979 Colombia earthquake: evidence for the asperity model. J. Geophys. Res.89, 9281–9291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berberian, M. (1982),Aftershock tectonics of the 1978 Tabas-e-Golshan (Iran) earthquake sequence: a documented active ‘thin- and thick-skinned tectonic’ case. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.68, 499–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, P. andMadariaga, R. (1984),A new asymptotic method for the modeling of near-field accelerograms. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.74, 539–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, M. V. andLewis, S. V. (1980),On the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot fractal function. Proc. R. Soc. Lond.,A, 370, 459–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boatwright, J. (1982a),Introduction to the USGS-NRC workshop on strong motion. Lake Tahoe, 21–23 October 1981, USGS Open-file Report82-591, 2–12.

  • Boatwright, J. (1982b),A dynamic model for the far field acceleration. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 1049–1068.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boore, D. M. andJoyner, W. B. (1978),The influence of rupture incoherence on seismic directivity. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.68, 283–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brace, W. F. andByerlee, J. D. (1966),Stick-slip as a mechanism for earthquakes. Science153, 990–992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buland, R. andGilbert, F. (1976),Matched filtering for the seismic moment tensor. Geophys. Res. Lett.2, 205–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdick, L. J. andMellman, G. R. (1976),Inversion of the body waves of the Borrego Mountain earthquake to the source mechanism. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.66, 1485–1499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burford, R. O. andHarsh, P. W. (1980),Slip on the San Andreas fault in central California from alignment array surveys. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.70, 1233–1261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burridge, R. andWillis, J. R. (1969),The self-similar problem of the expanding elliptical crack in an anisotropic solid. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc.66, 443–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campillo, M., Bouchon, M. andMassinon, B. (1983),Theoretical study of the excitation, spectral characteristics, and geometrical attenuation of regional seismic phases. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.73, 79–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choy, G. L. andBoatwright, J. (1982),Broadband analysis of the extended forshock sequence of the Miyagi-Oki earthquake of 12 June 1978. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 2017–2036.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cipar, J. (1981),Broadband time domain modeling of earthquakes from Friuli, Italy, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.71, 1215–1231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cockerham, R., Eaton, J. P., Reasenberg, P. andOppenheimer, D. (1985),The April 24, 1984, Morgan Hill earthquake and its aftershocks (abstract). EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union66, 307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, S. (1980),A numerical method for determination of source time functions for general three-dimensional rupture propagation. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.62, 591–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, S. (1981),Three-dimensional spontaneous rupture propagation and implications for the earthquake source mechanism. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.67, 375–393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, S. andAki, K. (1977),A numerical study of two-dimensional spontaneous rupture propagation. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.50, 643–668.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, S. andBoatwright, J. (1985),The breaking of a single asperity: analysis of an aftershock of the 1975 Oroville, California, earthquake. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.75, 677–687.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, S. andKostrov, B. V. (1983),Breaking a single asperity: rupture process and seismic radiation. J. Geophys. Res.88, 4277–4288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, S. andScholz, C. H. (1981),Examples and possible explanation for occasionally observed clusters of off-fault aftershocks. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.71, 1669–1675.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, S. andScholz, C. H. (1983),Why large earthquakes do not nucleate at shallow depths. Nature305, 621–623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, S. M. (1979),Three-dimensional finite difference simulation of fault dynamics. Final Report SSS-R-80-4295, Systems, Science and Software, La Jolla, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, S. M. (1982a),Three-dimensional finite difference simulation of fault dynamics: rectangular faults with fixed rupture velocity. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 705–727.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, S. M. (1982b),Three-dimensional simulation of spontaneous rupture: the effect of nonuniform prestress. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 1881–1902.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deschamps, A. andKing, G. C. P. (1984),Aftershocks of the Campania-Lucania (Italy) earthquake of 23 November 1980. Bull. Seism. Soc.74, 2483–2517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deschamps, A., Gaudemer, Y. andCisternas, A. (1982),The El Asnam, Algeria, earthquake of 10 October 1980: multiple-source mechanism determined from long-period records. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 1111–1128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dieterch, J. H. (1978),Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip. Pure Appl. Geophys.116, 790–806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dieterich, J. H. (1979a),Modelling of rock friction: I. Experimental results and constitutive equations. J. Geophys. Res.84, 2161–2168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dieterich, J. H. (1979b),Modelling of rock friction: II. Simulation of preseismic slip. J. Geophys. Res.84, 2169–2175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dieterich, J. H. (1981),Constitutive properties of faults with stimulated gauge. InMechanical Behavior of Crustal Rocks (eds. Carter, N. L., Friedman, M., Logan, J. M. and Steams, D. W.), Geophys. Monogr. Ser. No. 24, Am. Geophys. Union, 103–120.

  • Dieterich, J. H. (1985),A model for the nucleation of earthquake slip, preprint. 5 Maurice Ewing Symposium on Earthquake Source Mechanics, 19–23 May 1985, Arden House, Harriman, New York.

  • Dmowska, R. andLi, V. C. (1982),A mechanical model of precursory source processes for some large earthquakes. Geophys. Res. Lett.9, 393–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dmowska, R. andRice, J. R. Fracture theory and its seismological applications. InContinuum Theories in Solid Earth Physics (ed. Teisseyre, R.) (Elsevier Publ. Co., Amsterdam, Polish Scient. Publ., Warsaw, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • Doornbos, D. J. (1982),Seismic moment tensors and kinematic source parameters. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.69, 235–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dziewonski, A. M. andWoodhouse, J. H. (1983),An experiment in systematic study of global seismicity: centroid-moment tensor solutions for 201 moderate and large earthquakes of 1981. J. Geophys. Res.88, 3247–3271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dziewonski, A. M., Chou, T.-A. andWoodhouse, J. H. (1981),Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity. J. Geophys. Res.86, 2825–2852.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebel, J. andHelmberger, D. V. (1982)P wave complexity and fault asperities: The Borrego Mountain earthquake of 1968. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 413–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eissler, H. andKanamori, H. (1985),A single-force source model for the 1975 Kalapana, Hawaii earthquake (abstract). EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union66, 307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekström, G. (1983),Evidence for source complexities of 1980 Mammoth Lakes earthquakes (abstract), EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union64, 769.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekström, G. andDziewonski, A. M. (1985),Centroid-moment tensor solution for 35 earthquakes in Western North America (1977–1983). Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.75, 23–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, A. (1981),Source parameters and scaling relationships of small earthquakes in the north-eastern Caribbean. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.71, 1173–1190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibowicz, S. J. (1984),The mechanism of large mining tremors in Poland. InRockbursts and Seismicity in Mines (eds. Gray, N. C. and Wainwright, E. H.), South African Inst. Mining Metal., Symp. Ser. No. 6, 17–28.

  • Gilbert, F. andDziewonski, A. M. (1975),An application of normal mode theory to the retrieval of structural parameters and source mechanisms from seismic spectra. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., Ser.A 278, 187–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gu, J.-C., Rice, J. R., Ruina, A. L. andTse, S. T. (1984),Slip motion and stability of a single degree of freedom elastic system with rate and state dependent friction. J. Mech. Phys. Solids32, 167–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gusev, A. A. (1983),Descriptive statistical model of earthquake source radiation and its application to an estimation of short period strong motion. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.74, 787–808.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermann, R. E. (1983),Spatial seismicity variations and asperities in the New Hebrides seismic zone. J. Geophys. Res.89, 5891–5903.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haddon, R. andBuchan, P. (1981),Use of Kirchhoff's formula for body wave calculations in the Earth. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.67, 587–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamano, Y. (1974),Dependence of rupture time history on the heterogeneous distribution of stress and strength on the fault plane (abstract). EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union55, 352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanks, T. C. (1979), b-value and654-1. J. Geophys. Res.86, 2235–2242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanks, T. C. andMcGuire, R. K. (1981),The character of high frequency strong ground motion. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.71, 2071–2096.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartzell, S. andHeaton, T. (1983),Inversion of strong ground motion and teleseismic waveform data for the fault rupture history of the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.73, 1553–1583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartzell, S. andHelmberger, D. V. (1982),Strong-motion modeling of the Imperial Valley earthquake of 1979. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 571–596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heaton, T. H. andHelmberger, D. V. (1977),A study of the strong ground motion of the Borrego Mountain, California, earthquake. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.67, 315–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, R. B. andWang, C. Y. (1985),A comparison of synthetic seismograms. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.75, 41–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • House, L. andBoatwright, J. (1980),Investigation of two high stress drop earthquakes in the Shumagin seismic gap, Alaska. J. Geophys. Res.85, 7151–7165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, V., Helsley, C. E., Berg, E. andNovelo-Casanova, D. A. (1984),Correlation of foreshocks and aftershocks and asperities. Pure Appl. Geophys.122, 878–893.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, S. W. (1983),The mechanics of aftershocks. MIT, Dept. Civil Eng., Res. ReportR 83-6, p. 88.

  • Ida, Y. (1972),Cohesive force across the tip of a longitudinal shear crack and Griffith's specific surface energy. J. Geophys. Res.77, 3796–3805.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishida, M. andKanamori, H. (1978),The foreshock activity of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, California. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.68, 1265–1279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishida, M. andKanamori, H. (1980),Temporal variation of seismicity and spectrum of small earthquakes preceding the 1952 Kern County, California, earthquake. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.70, 509–527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, D. E. andLangston, C. A. (1984),The effect of assumed source structure on inversion of earthquake source parameters: the eastern Hispaniola earthquake of 14 September 1981. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.74, 2115–2134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, L. andMolnar, P. (1979),Some characteristics of foreshocks and their possible relationship to earthquake prediction and premonitory slip of faults. J. Geophys. Res.84, 3596–3608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, L. M., Wang, B., Xu, S. andFitch, T. J. (1982),This foreshock sequence of the February 4, 1975, Haicheng earthquake (M=7.3). J. Geophys. Res.87, 4575–4584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Julian, B. R. andSipkin, S. A. (1985),Earthquake processes in the Long Valley Caldera area, California (abstract). EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union66, 480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, Y. Y. (1982),Stochastic model of earthquake fault geometry. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.71, 659–691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, Y. andKnopoff, L. (1976),Statistical search for non-random features of the seismicity of strong earthquakes. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.12, 291–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanamori, H. (1981),The nature of seismicity patterns before major earthquakes. In:Earthquake Prediction (eds. Simpson, D. W. and Richards, P. G.), Maurice Ewing Ser. 4, Am. Geophys. Union, 1–19.

  • Kanamori, H. andGiven, J. W. (1981),Use of long-period surface waves for rapid determination of earthquake-source parameters. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.27, 8–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanamori, H. andGiven, J. W. (1982), Use of long-period surface waves for rapid determination of earthquake-source parameters, 2. Preliminary determination of source mechanisms of large earthquakes (Ms≥6.5) in 1980. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.30, 260–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanamori, H. andMcNally, K. C. (1982),Variable rupture mode of the subduction zone along the Ecuador-Colombia coast. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 1241–1253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanamori, H. andStewart, G. S. (1978),Seismological aspects of the Guatemala earthquake of February 4, 1976. J. Geophys. Res.83, 3427–3434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kikuchi, M. andKanamori, H. (1982),Inversion of complex body waves. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 491–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, G. (1983),The accommodation of large strains in the upper lithosphere of the Earth and other solids by self-similar fault systems: the geometrical origin of b-value. Pure Appl. Geophys.121, 761–815.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, G. C. P. (1985),The geometry of the initiation and termination of earthquake rupture and the evolution of morphology and geological structures, preprint. 5 Maurice Ewing Symposium on Earthquake Source Mechanics, 19–23 May 1985, Arden House, Harriman, New York.

  • King, G. C. P. andBrewer, J. (1983),Fault related folding near the Wind River thrust, Wyoming, U.S.A. Nature306, 147–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, G. C. P. andVita-Finzi, C. (1981),Active folding in the Algerian earthquake of 10 October 1980. Nature292, 22–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, G. C. P. andYielding, G. (1984),The evolution of a thrust fault system: processes of rupture initiation, propagation and termination in the 1980 El Asnam (Algeria) earthquake. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.77, 915–933.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, G. C. P., Ouyang, Z. X., Papadimitriou, P., Deschamps, A. andGagnepain, J. (1985),The evolution of the Gulf of Corinth (Greece): an aftershock study of the 1981 earthquake. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.80, 677–693.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kostrov, B. V. (1964),Self-similar problem of propagation of shear cracks. J. Appl. Math.28, 1077–1087. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kostrov, B. V. (1966),Unsteady propagation of longitudinal shear cracks. J. Appl. Math. Mech.30, 1241–1248 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kostrov, B. V. andDas, S. (1982),Idealized models of fault behavior prior to dynamic rupture. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 679–703.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozák, J. andŠílený, J. (1985),Seismic events with non-shear component: I. Shallow earthquakes with a possible tensile source component. Pure Appl. Geophys.123, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langston, C. A. andArnold, W. A. (1982),Moment tensor inversions and dipping slabs. Geophys. Res. Lett.9, 1290–1293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lay, T. andKanamori, H. (1981),An asperity model of large earthquake sequences. InEarthquake Prediction (eds. Simpson, D. W. and Richards P. G.), Maurice Ewing Ser. 4, Am. Geophys. Union, 579–592.

  • Lay, T., Kanamori, H. andRuff, L. (1982),The asperity model and the nature of large subduction zone earthquakes. Earthq. Prediction Res.1, 3–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H. L. andHelmberger, D. V. (1985),The 23∶19 aftershock of the 15 October 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake: more evidence for an asperity. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.75, 689–708.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luco, J. E. andAnderson, J. G. (1983),Steady-state response of an elastic half-space to a moving dislocation of finite width. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.73, 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madariaga, R. (1976),Dynamics of an expanding circular fault. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.66, 639–666.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madariaga, R. (1977a),High-frequency radiation from cracks (stress-drop) models of earthquake faulting. Geophys. J.51, 625–651.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madariaga, R. (1977b),Modelling of three-dimensional earthquake faults by finite differences (abstract). EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union58, 1191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madariaga, R. (1979),On the relation between seismic moment and stress drop in the presence of stress and strength heterogeneity. J. Geophys. Res.84, 2243–2250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madariaga, R. (1983),High frequency radiation from dynamic earthquake fault models. Ann. Geophys.1, 17–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madariaga, R. (1985),Simple models of fault heterogeneity and seismic radiation, preprint, 5 Maurice Ewing Symposium on Earthquake Source Mechanics, 19–23 May 1985, Arden House, Harriman, New York.

  • Mandelbrot, B.,Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension (W. H. Freeman, San Francisco 1977), p. 365.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCowan, D. W. (1976),Moment tensor representation of surface wave sources. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.44, 595–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGarr, A. (1981),Analysis of peak ground motion in terms of a model of inhomogeneous faulting. J. Geophys. Res.86, 3901–3912.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGarr, A. (1985),Some observations indicating complications in the nature of earthquake scaling, preprint, 5 Maurice Ewing Symposium on Earthquake Source Mechanics, 19–23 May 1985, Arden House, Harriman, New York.

  • McLaughlin, K. L., Johnson, L. andMcEvilly, T. (1983),Two-dimensional array measurements of near source ground accelerations. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.73, 349–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMechan, G. A., Luetgert, J. H. andMooney, W. D. (1985),Imaging of earthquake sources in Long Valley Caldera, California, 1983. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.75, 1005–1020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendiguren, J. A. andAki, K. (1978),Source mechanism of the deep Colombian earthquake of 1970 July 31 from the free oscillation data. Geophys. J.55, 539–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikumo, T. andMiyatake, T. (1983),Numerical modelling of space and time variations of seismic activity before major earthquakes. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.74, 559–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mori, J. (1984),Short- and long-period subevents of the 4 February 1965 Rat Islands earthquake. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.74, 1331–1347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mori, J. andShimazaki, K. (1984),High stress drop of short-period subevents from the 1968 Tokachi-Oki earthquake as observed on strong-motion records. Bull Seism. Soc. Am.74, 1529–1544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakanishi, I. andKanamori, H. (1982),Effects of lateral heterogeneity and source process time on the linear moment tensor inversion of long-period Rayleigh waves. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 2063–2080.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakanishi, I. andKanamori, H. (1984),Source mechanisms of twenty-six large, shallow earthquakes (M s≥6.5) during 1980 from P-wave first motion and long-period Rayleigh wave data Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.74, 805–818.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niewiadomski, J. andRitsema, A. R. (1980),The stress field induced by cracks and the occurrence of earthquakes. Proc. Koninkl. Naderl. Akad. Wetenschap.B83 (4), 361–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niewiadomski, J. andRybicki, K. (1984),The stress field induced by antiplane shear cracks—application to earthquake study. Bull. Earth. Res. Inst., Tokyo Univ.59, 67–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okubo, P. G. andAki, K. (1983),Fractal geometry of the San Andreas fault system (abstract). EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union64, 766.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okubo, P. andAki, K. (1985),Fractal geometry of the San Andreas fault system. J. Geophys. Res. (in press).

  • Okubo, P. G. andDieterich, J. H. (1984),Effects of physical properties on frictional instabilities produced on simulated faults. J. Geophys. Res.89, 5817–5827.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okubo, P. G. andDieterich, J. H. (1985),State variable fault constitutive relations for dynamic slip, preprint, 5 Maurice Ewing Symposium on Earthquake Source Mechanics, 19–23 May 1985, Arden House, Harriman, New York.

  • Palmer, A. C. andRice, J. R. (1973),The growth of slip surfaces in the progressive failure of overconsolidated clay slopes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond.,Ser. A 332, 527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papageorgiou, A. S. andAki, K. (1983),A specific barrier model of the quantitative description of inhomogenous faulting and the prediction of strong ground motion, I. Description of the model. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.73, 693–722.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, H. (1980),Reference point equalization method for determining the source and path effects of surface waves. J. Geophys. Res.85, 821–848.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pechmann, J. C. andKanamori, H. (1982),Waveforms and spectra of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake: evidence for fault heterogeneity? J. Geophys. Res.87, 10,579–10,597.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quin, H. andBoatwright, J. (1985),The seismic radiation from a 3-D dynamic model of a complex rupture process, preprint, 5 Maurice Ewing Symposium on Earthquake Source Mechanics, 19–23 May 1985, Arden House, Harriman, New York.

  • Rial, J. A. (1978),The Caracas, Venezuela, earthquake of July, 1967: a multiple source event. J. Geophys. Res.83, 5405–5414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, J. R. (1983),Constitutive relations for fault slip and earthquake instabilities. Pure Appl. Geophys.121, 443–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, J. R. andRuina, A. L. (1983),Stability of steady frictional slipping. J. Appl. Mech.50, 343–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, P. G. (1973),The dynamic field of a growing plane elliptical shear crack. Int. J. Solid Struct.9, 843–861.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, P. G. (1976),Dynamic motions near an earthquake fault: a three-dimensional solution. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.66, 1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rikitake, T. (1982),Do foreshock epicentres move toward the main shock epicenter? Earthq. Prediction Res.1, 95–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romanowicz, B. A. (1981)Depth resolution of earthquakes in Central Asia by moment tensor inversion of long-period Rayleigh waves: effects of phase velocity variations across Eurasia and their calibration. J. Geophys. Res.86, 5963–5984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romanowicz, B. A. (1982),Moment tensor inversion of long period Rayleigh waves: a new approach. J. Geophys. Res.87, 5395–5407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romanowicz, B. A. andGuillemant, P. (1984),An experiment in the retrieval of depth and source mechanism of large earthquakes using very long-period Rayleigh wave data. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.74, 417–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudajev, V. andŠilený, J. (1985),Seismic events with non-shear component, II. Rock-bursts with implosive source component. Pure Appl. Geophys.123, 17–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudnicki, J. andKanamori, H. (1981),Effects of fault interaction on moment, stress drop and strain energy release. J. Geophys. Res.86, 1785–1793.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruff, L. J. (1984),Tomographic imaging of the earthquake rupture process. Geophys. Res. Lett.11, 629–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruff, L. J. andKanamori, H. (1983),The rupture process and asperity distribution of three great earthquakes from long-period diffracted P-waves. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.31, 202–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruina, A. L. (1983),Slip instability and state variable friction laws. J. Geophys. Res.88, 10,359–10,370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rundle, J. B., Kanamori, H. andMcNally, K. C. (1984),An inhomogeneous fault model for gaps, asperities, barriers, and seismicity migration. J. Geophys. Res.89, 10,219–10,231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rybicki, K. (1971),The elastic residual field of a very long strike-slip fault in the presence of a discontinuity. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.61, 79–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholz, C. H. (1982),Scaling laws for large earthquakes: consequences for physical models. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholz, C. H. andAviles, C. A. (1985),The fractal geometry of faults and faulting, preprint, 5 Maurice Ewing Symposium on Earthquake Source Mechanics, 19–23 May 1985, Arden House, Harriman, New York.

  • Shimamoto, T. andLogan, J. M. (1984),Laboratory friction experiments and natural earthquakes: an argument for long-term tests. Tectonophysics109, 165–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimamoto, T. andLogan, J. M. (1985),Velocity-dependent behavior in halite simulated fault gouge: an analog for silicates, preprint, 5 Maurice Ewing Symposium on Earthquake Source Mechanics, 19–23 May 1985, Arden House, Harriman, New York.

  • Shimazaki, K. (1985),Small and large earthquakes: the effects of the thickness of seismogenic layer and the free surface, preprint, 5 Maurice Ewing Symposium on Earthquake Source Mechanics, 19–23 May 1985, Arden House, Harriman, New York.

  • Sibson, R. H. (1983),Continental fault structure and the shallow earthquake source J. Geol. Soc. Lond.140, 741–767.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smalley, R., Turcotte, D. andSolla, S. (1985),A renormalization group approach to the stick-slip behavior of faults. J. Geophys. Res.90, 1894–1900.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solberg, P. andByerlee, J. D. (1984),A note on the rate sensitivity of frictional sliding of Westerly Granite. J. Geophys. Res.89, 4203–4205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soufleris, C., Jackson, J. A., King, G. C. P., Spencer, C. P., andScholz, C. H. (1982),The 1978 earthquake sequence near Thessaloniki (northern Greece), Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.68, 429–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spudich, P. andCranswick, E. (1984),Direct observation of rupture propagation during the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake using a short baseline accelerometer array. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.74, 2083–2114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spudich, P. andFrazer, L. N. (1984),Use of ray theory to calculate high-frequency radiation from earthquake sources having spatially variable rupture velocity and stress drop. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.74, 2061–2082.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, R. S. andLisowski, M. (1983),The 1979 Homestead Valley earthquake sequence, California: control of aftershocks and postseismic deformation. J. Geophys. Res.88, 6477–6490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strehlau, J. (1985),The rheological structure of continental fault zones and its influence on initiation and depth extent of seismic rupture, preprint, 5 Maurice Ewing Symposium on Earthquake Source Mechanics, 19–23 May 1985, Arden House, Harriman, New York.

  • Strelitz, R. A. (1978),Moment tensor inversions and source models. Geophys. J.52, 359–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teufel, L. W. andLogan, J. M. (1978),Effect of shortening rate on the real area of contact and temperature generated during frictional sliding. Pure Appl. Geophys.116, 840–865.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tréhu, A. M., Nábelek, J. L. andSolomon, S. C. (1981),Source characterization of two Reykjanes Ridge earthquakes: surface waves and moment tensors; P waveforms and nonorthogonal nodal planes. J. Geophys. Res.86, 1701–1724.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tse, S. T. andRice, J. R. (1985),Crustal earthquake instability in relation to the depth variation of frictional slip properties, preprint, 5 Maurice Ewing Symposium on Earthquake Source Mechanics, 19–23 May 1985, Adren House, Harriman, New York.

  • Tullis, T. E., Weeks, J. D. andBlanpied, M. L. (1985),Constitutive behavior and stability of frictional sliding of granite, preprint, 5 Maurice Ewing Symposium on Earthquake Source Mechanics, 19–23 May 1985, Arden House, Harriman, New York.

  • Vaugham, P. andByerlee, J. (1985),Frictional sliding in saturated Westerly Granite: effect of slip rate, preprint, 5 Maurice Ewing Symposium on Earthquake Source Mechanics, 19–23 May 1985, Arden House, Harriman, New York.

  • Vidale, J. andKanamori, H. (1983),The October 1980 earthquake sequence near the New Hebrides. Geophys. Res. Lett.10, 1137–1140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Virieux, J. andMadariaga, R. (1982),Dynamic faulting studied by a finite difference method. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 345–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, T. C., Helmberger, D. V. andEbel, J. E. (1981),A broadband study of the 13 August 1978 Santa Barbara earthquake. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.71, 1701–1718.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, T.-F. (1985),On the normal stress dependence of the shear fracture energy, preprint, 5 Maurice Ewing Symposium on Earthquake Source Mechanics, 19–23 May 1985, Arden House, Harriman, New York.

  • Woodhouse, J. H. (1981),The excitation of long period seismic waves by a source spanning a structural discontinuity. Geophys. Res. Lett.8, 1129–1131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamashina, K. (1978),Induced earthquakes in the Izu Peninsula by the Izu-Hanto-Oki earthquake of 1974, Japan. Tectonophysics51, 139–154.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, P.O. Box 155, 00-973, Warsaw, Poland

    S. J. Gibowicz

Authors
  1. S. J. Gibowicz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gibowicz, S.J. Physics of fracturing and seismic energy release: A review. PAGEOPH 124, 611–658 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00879602

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00879602

Key words

Search

Navigation