Abstract
Time-resolved hailstone samples have been collected in the region of maximum radar echo (λ=10 cm) from four severe hailstorms in Central Switzerland. Thin sections of 1220 hailstones have been prepared and their embryos were classified according to their bubble structure and crystallography. From this embryo trajectories were deduced. Thick sections of seven hailstones were then prepared in order to measure the deuterium content of the different growth layers. This allows an independent check of the embryo and hailstone trajectories as well as an approximate calculation of the updraft velocities. The deuterium content of the vapor feeding the cloud (R 0) has been determined from structural features of the stones as well as from the heightH −10: in this latter, new method the lowest deuterium values are attributed to those isotherms at which the top of the region of high radar reflectivity (Z m−10 dBZ) is observed. It is shown that both embryo and hailstone trajectories determined by the two methods are generally in good agreement and that deuterium measurements in conjunction with structural analyses and radar data result in realistic updraft velocities which are in substantial agreement with results from a numerical cloud model. In the temperature interval −10<T c<−25C upward motion of the hailstones generally corresponds to accretion of clear layers and downward motion to accretion of opaque layers at the same temperature. This is thought to be due to higher liquid water contents in the stronger updrafts resulting in growth near the wet limit.
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Dedicated to Prof. H. U. Dütsch on the occasion of his 60th anniversary.
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Federer, B., Jouzel, J. & Waldvogel, A. Hailstone trajectories determined from crystallography, deuterium content and radar backscattering. PAGEOPH 116, 112–129 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00878987
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00878987