Abstract
Ernst Mayr's scientific career continues strongly 70 years after he published his first scientific paper in 1923. He is primarily a naturalist and ornithologist which has influenced his basic approach in science and later in philosophy and history of science. Mayr studied at the Natural History Museum in Berlin with Professor E. Stresemann, a leader in the most progressive school of avian systematics of the time. The contracts gained through Stresemann were central to Mayr's participation in a three year expedition to New Guinea and The Solomons, and the offer of a position in the Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, beginning in 1931. At the AMNH, Mayr was able to blend the best of the academic traditions of Europe with those of North America in developing a unified research program in biodiversity embracing systematics, biogeography and nomenclature. His tasks at the AMNH were to curate and study the huge collections amassed by the Whitney South Sea Expedition plus the just purchased Rothschild collection of birds. These studies provided Mayr with the empirical foundation essential for his 1942Systematics and the Origin of Species and his subsequent theoretical work in evolutionary biology as well as all his later work in the philosophy and history of science. Without a detailed understanding of Mayr's empirical systematic and biogeographic work, one cannot possibly comprehend fully his immense contributions to evolutionary biology and his later analyses in the philosophy and history of science.
Bibliography
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Mayr, E.: 1923b, “Der Zwergfliegenschnapper bei Greifswald,”Ornith. Monatsb. 31, 136.
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Mayr, E.: 1930, “My Dutch New Guinea Expedition, 1928,”Novitates Zool. 36, 20–26.
Mayr, E.: 1931a, “Die Vögel des Saruwaged-und Herzoggebirges (NO-Neuguinea),”Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 17, 639–723.
Mayr, E.: 1931b, “Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. XII. Notes onHalcyon chloris and some of its subspecies,”Amer. Mus. Novitates 469, 1–10.
Mayr, E.: 1932, “A tenderfoot explorer in New Guinea,”Nat. Hist. 32, 83–97.
Mayr, E.: 1933a, “Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. XXVII. Notes on the variation of immature and adult plumages in birds and a physiological explanation of abnormal plumages,”Amer. Mus. Novitates 666, 1–10.
Mayr, E.: 1933b, “Die Vogelwelt Polynesiens,”Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 19, 306–323.
Mayr, E.: 1934, “(Obituary) Ernst Johann Otto Hartert,”Auk 51, 283–285.
Mayr, E.: 1935a, “How many birds are known?,”Proc. Linnaean Soc. N. Y. 45–46, 19–23.
Mayr, E.: 1935b, “The ornithological year 1933 in the New York City region,”Proc. Linnaean Soc. N. Y. Nos. 45–46, 74–100.
Mayr, E.: 1938, “Birds on an Atlantic crossing,”Proc. Linnaean Soc. N. Y. No.49, 54–58.
Mayr, E.: 1940a, “Pericrocotus brevirostris and its double,”Ibis, 712–722.
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Mayr, E.: 1941b, “Borders and subdivision of the Polynesian region as based on our knowledge of the distribution of birds,”Proc. 6th Pacific Sci. Cong. 4, 191–195.
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Mayr, E.: 1941d, “Red-wing observations of 1940,”Proc. Linnaean Soc. N. Y. Nos.52–53, 75–83.
Mayr, E.: 1942,Systematics and the Origin of Species, Columbia Univ. Press, New York, (re-issued, 1982).
Mayr, E.: 1943a, “Criteria of subspecies, species and genera in ornithology,”Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 44, 133–139.
Mayr, E.: 1943b, “The zoogeographic position of the Hawaiian Islands,”Condor 45, 45–48, [reprinted as “The Ornithogeography of the Hawaiian Islands,” in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1943c, “A journey to the Solomons,”Nat. Hist. 52, 30–37, 48.
Mayr, E.: 1943d, “What genera belong to the family Prionopidae?,”Ibis, 216–218.
Mayr, E.: 1944a, “Wallace's Line in the light of recent zoogeographic studies,”Quart. Rev. Biol. 19, 1–14 [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1944b, “The birds of Timor and Sumba,”Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 83, 123–194, [chapter on zoogeography, pp. 171–190, reprinted as “Land bridges and dispersal facilities” in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1944c, “Timor and the colonization of Australia by birds,”Emu 44, 113–130.
Mayr, E.: 1945,Birds of the Southwest Pacific, Macmillan, New York.
Mayr, E.: 1946a, “The number of species of birds,”Auk 63, 64–69.
Mayr, E.: 1946b, “History of the North American bird fauna,”Wilson Bull.58, 3–41, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1946c, “The naturalist in Leidy's time and today,”Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 98, 271–276.
Mayr, E.: 1947, “Ecological factors in speciation,”Evolution 1, 263–288, [reprinted as “Sympatric speciation” in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1948a, “The new Sanford Hall,”Nat. Hist. 57, 248–254.
Mayr, E.: 1948b, “The bearing of the new systematics on genetical problems. The nature of species,”Adv. Genetics 2, 205–237, [reprinted as “Sibling or cryptic species” in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1949a, “The species concept: semantics vs. semantics,”Evolution 3, 371–372.
Mayr, E.: 1949b, “Speciation and systematics,” in, G. L. Jepsen, E. Mayr, and G. G. Simpson (eds.)Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., pp. 281–298.
Mayr, E.: 1949c, “Speciation and selection,”Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 93, 514–519.
Mayr, E.: 1950a, “Taxonomic notes on the genus Neositta,”Emu 49, 282–291.
Mayr, E.: 1950b, “Isolation, dispersal and evolution,”Evolution 4, 363.
Mayr, E.: 1951a, “Speciation in birds,”Proc. X Int. Ornith. Cong., Uppsala (1950), pp. 91–131.
Mayr, E.: 1951b, “Introduction, (p. 85) and Conclusion, (pp. 255–258) fromThe problem of land connections across the South Atlantic with special reference to the Mesozoic, Bull. Amer. Must. Nat. Hist.99, 79–258.
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Mayr, E.: 1951d, “Über den Rechtsstand in Synonymielisten enthaltener Nomina Nuda,”Senkenbergiana 32, 211–218. [Reprinted inBull. Zool. Nomelcl. 10, 315–322.]
Mayr, E.: 1953, “Concepts of classification and nomenclature in higher organisms and microorganisms,”Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 56, 391–397.
Mayr, E.: 1954a, “Fragments of a Papuan ornithogeography,”Proc. 7th Pacific Sci. Cong. 4, 11–19, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
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Mayr, E.: 1945c, “Notes on nomenclature and classification,”Syst. Zool. 3, 86–89.
Mayr, E.: 1954d, “Geographic speciation in tropical echinoids,”Evolution 8, 1–18.
Mayr, E.: 1955a, “Karl Jordan's contribution to current concepts in systematics and evolution,”Trans. Royal Ent. Soc. London 107, 45–66, [reprinted as “Karl Jordan on Speciation”, “Karl Jordan on the Theory of Systematics and Evolution” and “Karl Jordan and the Biological Species Concept” in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1956a, “Is the great white heron a good species?.”Auk 73, 71–77.
Mayr, E.: 1956b, “The interpretation of variation among the yellow wagtails,”British Birds 49, 115–119.
Mayr, E.: 1956c, “The species are a systematic and as biological problem,”Biological Systematics. Proc. 16th Annual Biol. Colloquium, Corvallis, Oregon, 1955, pp. 1–12.
Mayr, E.: 1956d, “Summation: Systematics and modes of speciation,”Biological Systematics. Proc. 16th Annual Biol. Colloquium, Corvallis. Oregon, 1955, pp. 45–51.
Mayr, E.: 1957a, “New Species of birds described from 1941 to 1955,”Journ. f. Ornith. 98, 22–35.
Mayr, E.: 1957b, “Species concepts and definitions,” in E. Mayr (ed.),The Species Problem, Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Washington, Publ.50, 1–22, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1957c, “Difficulties and importance of the biological species concept,” in E. Mayr (ed.),The Species Problem, Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Washington, Publ.50, 371–388.
Mayr, E.: 1958a, “Behavior and systematics,” in A. Roe and G. G. Simpson (eds.),Behavior and Evolution, Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, pp. 341–362, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1958b, “The evolutionary significance of the systematic categories,”Uppsala Univ. Arsskrift 6, 13–20.
Mayr, E.: 1959a, “Darwin and the evolutionary theory in biology,” in,Evolution and Anthropology: A Centennial Appraisal, (Anthropol. Soc. Washington), pp. 3–12, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1959b, “Isolation as an evolutionary factor,”Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 103, 221–230, [reprinted as “Darwin and Isolation” and “Darwin, Wallace, and the Origin of Isolating Mechanisms” in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1959c, “Where are we?,”Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 24, 1–14, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1959d, “The emergence of evolutionary novelties,” in, S. Tax (ed.),The Evolution of Life, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 349–380, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1961a, “Cause and effect in biology,”Science 134, 1501–1506, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a and 1988a].
Mayr, E.: 1961b, “On cause and effect in biology,”Science 135, 972–981.
Mayr, E.: 1962, “Accident or design, the paradox of evolution,” in,The Evolution of Living Organisms, Melbourne Univ. Press, Victoria, Australia, pp. 1–14. [see also, 1961. in G. Kurth, (ed.),Evolution und Hominisation, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, pp. 21–35, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1963a, “The role of ornithological research in biology,”Proc. XIII Intern. Ornith. Cong. pp. 27–38.
Mayr, E.: 1963b, “The fauna of North America, its origin and unique composition,”Proc. XVI Int. Cong. Zool. Washington D.C.4, 3–11.
Mayr, E.: 1963c, “Inferences concerning the Tertiary American bird faunas,”Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 51, 280–288, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1963d,Animal Species and Evolution, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA.
Mayr, E.: 1964, “The evolution of living systems,”Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 51, 934–941, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E. 1965a, “Classification and phylogeny,”Amer. Zool. 5, 165–174.
Mayr, E.: 1965b, “Numerical phenetics and taxonomic theory,”Syst. Zool. 14, 73–97.
Mayr, E.: 1965c, “The nature of colonizations in birds,” in, Baker and Stebbins, (eds.),The Genetics of Colonizing Species, pp. 30–47, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1965d, “Summary,” in, Baker and Stebbins, (eds.),The Genetics of Colonizing Species, pp. 553–562.
Mayr, E.: 1965e, “Avifauna: turnover on islands,”Science 150, 1587–1588.
Mayr, E.: 1965f, “What is a fauna?,”Zool. Jb. Syst. 92, 473–486, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1965g, “Selektion und die gerichtete Evolution,”Naturwissenschaften 52, 173–180, [reprinted as “Selection and directional evolution” in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1965h, “Evolution at the species level,” in J. A. Moore (ed.)Ideas in Modern Biology, Natural History Press, Garden City, NY, pp. 316–324.
Mayr, E.: 1967a, “The challenge of island faunas,”Australian Nat. Hist. 15, 369–374.
Mayr, E.: 1967b, “Evolutionary challenges to the mathematical interpretation of evolution,”Wistar Symposium Monograph 5, 47–58, [reprinted as “Population size and evolutionary parameters” in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1968a, “The role of systematics in biology,”Science 159, 595–599, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1968b, “Theory of biological classifications,”Nature 220, 545–548, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1968c, “Utility of construct of race discussion,” in, M. Mead, T. Dobzhansky, E. Tobach, & R. E. Light (eds.)Science and the Concept of Race, Columbia Univ. Press, New York, pp. 103–105.
Mayr, E.: 1969a, “Grundgedanken der Evolutionsbiologie,”Naturwissenschaften 56, 392–397, [reprinted as “Basic concepts of evolutionary biology” in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1969b, “The biological meaning of species”Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 1, 311–320, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1969c,Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Mayr, E.: 1969d, “Bird speciation in the tropics,”Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 1, 1–17, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1969e, “Introduction: The role of systematics in biology,” in,Systematic Biology. Nat. Acad. Sci.-Nat. Res. Council, Washington, DC, Publ. 1692, pp. 4–15, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1970a, “Evolution and behavior,”Verhandl. Deutsch. Zool. Gesell. 64, 322–336.
Mayr, E.: 1970b,Populations, Species, and Evolution, The Belknap Press of Harvard Univ, Press, Cambridge, MA.
Mayr, E.: 1971a, “New species of birds described from 1956 to 1965,”Journ. f. Ornith. 112, 302–316.
Mayr, E.: 1971b, “Stability in zoological nomenclature,”Science 174, 1041–1042.
Mayr, E.: 1972a, “Continental drift and the history of the Australian bird fauna,”Emu 72, 26–28.
Mayr, E.: 1972b, “Geography and ecology as faunal determinants,”Proc. XVth Int. Ornith. Cong., pp. 549–561.
Mayr, E.: 1972c, “The nature of the Darwinian revolution,”Science 176, 981–989, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1972d, “Sexual selection and natural selection” in, B. Campbell, ed.,Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man, Aldine Publ. Co., Chicago, pp. 87–104, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1973a, “Museums and biological laboratories,”Breviora 416, 1–7, [reprinted in Mayr, 1988a].
Mayr, E.: 1973b, “The last International Congress of Zoology?,”Science 180, 882–883.
Mayr, E.: 1974, “Cladistic analysis or cladistic classification?,”Zeitschrift f. zool. Syst. Evol.-forsch. 12, 94–128, [reprinted in Mayr, 1976a].
Mayr, E.: 1975a, “Wie weit sind die Grundprobleme der Evolution gelöst?,”Nova Acta Leopoldina 42, 171–179.
Mayr, E.: 1975b, “The unity of the genotype,”Biol. Zentralbl. 94, 377–388, [reprinted in Mayr, 1988a].
Mayr, E.: 1976a,Evolution and the Diversity of Life. Selected Essays, Belknap Press of the Harvard Univ. Press. Cambridge, Ma.
Mayr, E.: 1976b, “Value of various taxonomic characters in avian classification,”Proc. XVIth Int. Cong. Ornith. pp. 173–175.
Mayr, E.: 1976c, “Is the species a class or an individual?,”Syst. Zool. 25, 192.
Mayr, E.: 1977, “Darwin and natural selection,”Amer. Sci. 75, 321–327, [reprinted in Mayr, 1988a].
Mayr, E.: 1978a, “Evolution,”Sci. Amer. 239, 47–55.
Mayr, E.: 1978b, “Origin and history of some terms in systematic and evolutionary biology,”Syst. Zool. 27, 83–88.
Mayr, E.: 1980a, “Problems of the classification of birds, a progress report. Erwin Stresemann Memorial Lecture,” in, R. Nöhring (ed.)Proc. XVII Int. Cong. Ornith., DO-G, Berlin, pp. 95–112, [reprinted in Mayr, 1988a].
Mayr, E.: 1980b, “How I became a Darwinian,” in, Mayr, E. and W. Provine (eds.)The Evolutionary Synthesis, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 413–423.
Mayr, E.: 1980c, “The role of systematics in the evolutionary synthesis,” in Mayr, E. and W. Provine (eds.),The Evolutionary Synthesis, Harvard Univ. Press. Cambridge, pp. 123–136.
Mayr, E.: 1980d, “Prologue: Some thoughts on the history of the evolutionary synthesis,” in, Mayr, E. and W. Provine (eds.),The Evolutionary Synthesis, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 1–48.
Mayr, E.: 1981a, “Biological classification: Toward a synthesis of opposing methodologies,”Science 214, 510–516, [reprinted as “Toward a Synthesis in Biological Classification” in Mayr, 1988a].
Mayr, E.: 1981b, “Evolutionary biology,” in, W. Shropshire, Jr., ed.,The Joys of Research, 1981, Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, DC, pp. 147–162.
Mayr, E.: 1982a, “Epilogue,”Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 17, 115–125, [reprinted as “Darwin and Natural Selection” in Mayr, 1988a].
Mayr, E.: 1982b,The Growth of Biological Thought, Harvard Univ. Press Cambridge, MA.
Mayr, E.: 1982c, “Der Genenwartige Stand des Evolutionsproblems. Zweite Bernhard Rensch-Vorlesung Gehalten am 20 May 1981,”Univ.-vorträge Univ. Munster 5, 1–33.
Mayr, E.: 1982d., “Darwinistische Missverstandnisse,” in K. Bayertz, B. Heidtmann, and H.-J. Rheinberger (eds.),Dialektik 5, Darwin und die Evolutionstheorie, Paul-Rugenstein, Köln, pp. 44–57.
Mayr, E.: 1982e, “Speciation and macroevolution.”Evolution 36, 1119–1132, [reprinted in Mayr 1988a].
Mayr, E.: 1982f, “Of what use are subspecies?,”Auk 99, 593–595.
Mayr, E.: 1982f, “Processes of speciation in animals,” in,Mechanisms of Speciation (Rome Symposium 1982, Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 1–19, [reprinted in Mayr, 1988a].
Mayr, E.: 1982g, “Adaptation and selection,”Biol. Zentral. 101, 161–174, [reprinted in Mayr, 1988a].
Mayr, E.: 1982h, “Speciation and macroevolution,”Evolution 36, 1119–1132.
Mayr, E.: 1983a, “Introduction,” in,Perspectives in Ornithology, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, pp. 1–21.
Mayr, E.: 1983b, “How to carry out the adaptationist program?,”Amer. Nat. 121, 324–334, [reprinted in Mayr, 1988a].
Mayr, E.: 1983c, “Comments on David Hull's paper on exemplars and type specimens,”PSA 1982 2, 504–511.
Mayr, E.: 1984a, “The contributions of ornithology to biology,”BioScience 34, 250–254.
Mayr, E.: 1984b, “[Annotated bibliography],” Unpublished manuscript.
Mayr, E.: 1985a, “Darwin's five theories of evolution,” in, David Kohn (ed.)The Darwinian Heritage, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 755–772, [reprinted as “What is Darwinism?” in Mayr, 1988a].
Mayr, E.: 1985b, “Darwin and the definition of phylogeny,”Syst. Zool. 34, 97–98.
Mayr, E.: 1986a, “Uncertainty in science: Is the giant panda a bear or a raccoon?,”Nature 323, 769–771.
Mayr, E.: 1986b, “What is Darwinism today?,”PSA 1984 2, 145–156.
Mayr, E.: 1987a, “The ontological status of species: Scientific progress and philosophical terminology,”Biol. & Phil. 2, 145–166, [reprinted as “The Ontology of the Species Taxon” in Mayr, 1988a].
Mayr, E.: 1987b, “The species as category, taxon, and population,” in, J. Roger and J. L. Fischer (eds.)Histoire du Concept d'espèce dans les Sciences de la Vie, Fondation Singer-Polignac, Paris, pp. 303–320, [reprinted as “The species concept” in Mayr, 1988a].
Mayr, E.: 1987c, “The status of subjective junior homonyms,”Syst. Zool. 36, 85–86.
Mayr, E.: 1988a,Toward a New Philosophy of Biology, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. [Note that five of the included essays were previously unpublished].
Mayr, E.: 1988b, “An analysis of the concept of natural selection,” in, Mayr, E.,Toward a New Philosophy of Biology, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 95–115.
Mayr, E.: 1988c, “Does microevolution explain macroevolution,” in, Mayr, E.,Toward a New Philosophy of Biology, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 402–422.
Mayr, E.: 1988d, “On the evolutionary synthesis and after,” in, Mayr, E.,Toward a New Philosophy of Biology, Harvard Unv, Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 525–554.
Mayr, E.: 1988e, “The why and how of species,”Biol. & Phil. 3, 431–441.
Mayr, E.: 1988f, “The origins of human ethics,” in, Mayr, E.,Toward a New Philosophy of Biology, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. pp. 75–91.
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Bock, W.J. Ernst Mayr, naturalist: His contributions to systematics and evolution. Biol Philos 9, 267–327 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00857938
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00857938