Abstract
The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine the effects of instructions vs. biofeedback on the development of skin temperature self-control and (2) to assess how well learned control over temperature can be retained over time. Sixty female subjects were assigned to one of six groups: (1) response-specific instructions plus feedback, (2) thermal suggestions plus feedback, (3) instructions to rest plus feedback, (4) response-specific instructions without feedback, (5) thermal suggestions without feedback, and (6) instructions to rest without feedback. All subjects participated in five training sessions on 5 consecutive days and two follow-up sessions spaced 1 week and 2 weeks after training. Subjects given either feedback and response-specific instructions, feedback and thermal suggestions, or no feedback and thermal suggestions were able to produce significant increases in digital skin temperature consistently after three training sessions. Subjects in these groups retained the ability to control skin temperature both 1 and 2 weeks after training. Subjects in the remaining conditions showed no evidence of learned control over skin temperature.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Grabowska, M. J. (1971). The effect of hypnosis and hypnotic suggestion on the blood flow in the extremities.Polish Med. J. 4: 1944–1051.
Keefe, F. J. (1975). Conditioning changes in differential skin temperature.Percept. Motor Skills 40: 382–388.
Keefe, F. J., and Surwit, R. S. (1978). Electromyographic biofeedback: Behavioral treatment of neuromuscular disorders.J. Behav. Med. 1: 13–24.
Lynch, W. C., Hama, H., Kohn, S., and Miller, N. (1976). Instrumental control of peripheral vasomotor responses in children.Psychophysiology 13: 219–221.
Maslach, C., Marshall, G., and Zimbardo, P. G. (1972). Hypnotic control of peripheral skin temperature: A case report.Psychophysiology 9: 600–605.
Roberts, A. H., Kewman, D. G., and Macdonald, H. (1973). Voluntary control of skin temperature: Unilateral changes using hypnosis and feedback.J. Abnorm. Psychol. 82: 163–168.
Sargent, J. D., Green, E. E., and Walters, E. D. (1973). Preliminary report on the use of autogenic training in the treatment of migraine and tension headaches.Psychosom. Med. 35: 129–135.
Schultz, J., and Luthe, W. (1969).Autogenic Therapy: Autogenic Methods, Vol. I, Grune and Stratton, New York.
Silver, B. V., and Blanchard, E. B. (1978). Biofeedback and relaxation training in the treatment of psychophysiologic disorders: Or, are the machines really necessary?J. Behav. Med. 1: 217–139.
Steptoe, A., Mathews, A., and Johnston, D. (1974). The learned control of differential temperature in the human earlobes: Preliminary study.Biol. Psychol. 1: 237–242.
Surwit, R. S., and Keefe, F. J. (1979). Frontalis EMG feedback training. An electronic panacea?Behav. Ther. (in press).
Surwit, R. S., Shapiro, D., and Feld, J. L. (1976). Digital temperature autoregulation and associated cardiovascular changes.Psychophysiology 13: 242–284.
Surwit, R. S., Pilon, R., and Fenton, C. (1978). Behavioral treatment of Raynaud's disease.J. Behav. Med. 1: 323–335.
Taub, E., and Emurian, C. S. (1976). Feedback-aided self-regulation of skin temperature with a single feedback locus. I. Acquisition and reversal training.Biofeedback Self Regul. 1: 147–168.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This article is based on a dissertation submitted to Ohio University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree. Portions of this article were presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New York, 1976.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Keefe, F.J. Biofeedback vs. instructional control of skin temperature. J Behav Med 1, 383–390 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00846694
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00846694