Conclusions
The inherent phase instability and error of these multipliers are not inferior (as regards frequency stability) to those found in other methods of frequency multiplication.
Multiplication with heterodyning is especially justified in frequency comparison of atomic clocks, where the mutual deviation and output frequency instability are much less than the limiting values permissible for undistorted multiplication. A transistorized multiplier is simple, so one can provide reliability over long periods with continuous comparison.
The main component in the phase fluctuations in a multiplier is due to noise in the coupling and transformation circuits, so in principle it is possible to improve the stability further via advances in this part of the device.
The input stages are of broad bandwidth and have low temperature coefficients, so one can compare frequencies over periods up to 100 sec without thermostatic control without appreciable loss of accuracy.
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Literature cited
V. I. Ermakov, S. B. Pushkin, and V. I. Sachkov, Izm. Tekh., No. 11 (1967).
I. K. Akimochkin, V. G. Il'in, and B. I. Martynov, Trudy VNIIFTRI, Izd. Standart., Moscow, No. 3 (33) (1970).
V. G. Il'in, Trudy Inst. Kom. Standatov, Izd. Standart., Moscow, No. 88 (148) (1966).
Additional information
Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 11, pp. 41–43, November, 1972.
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Il'in, V.G., Lukin, A.E. Phase fluctuations in a heterodyne multistage frequency multiplier. Meas Tech 15, 1659–1661 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00813386
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00813386