Skip to main content
Log in

Parental Bonding Instrument

Exploring for links between scores and obsessionality

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The view that those with obsessive compulsive disorder or obsessional personality have been exposed to overcontrolling and overcritical parenting is examined. Two measures of obsessionality (the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory and the Leyton Obsessionality Inventory) were completed by 344 nonclinical subjects. They also scored their parents on the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), a measure assessing perceived levels of parental care and overprotection, before and after controlling for levels of state depression, trait anxiety and neuroticism in the analyses. Those scoring as more obsessional returned higher PBI protection scale scores. Links with PBI care scale scores were less clear, essentially restricted to the Maudsley Inventory, and variably influenced by controlling other variables.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams PL (1973) Obsessive children: a sociopsychiatric study. Brunner/Mazel, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 4: 561–571

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark DA, Bolton D (1985) Obsessive-compulsive adolescents and their parents: a psychometric study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 26: 267–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifford CA, Murray RM, Fulker DW (1984) Genetic and environmental influences on obsessional traits and symptoms. Psychol Med 14: 791–800

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper J (1970) The Leyton Obsessional Inventory. Psychol Med 1: 48–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmelkamp PMG (1982) Phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Plenum Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Endler NS, Okada M (1975) A multidimensional measure of trait anxiety: the S-R inventory of General Trait Anxiousness. J Consult Clin Psychol 43: 319–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck HJ, Eysenck SBG (1968) Manual for the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Educational and Industrial Testing Service, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Hafner RJ (1988) Obsessive-compusive disorder: a questionnaire survey of a self-help group. Int J Soc Psychiatry 34: 310–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoover CF, Insel TR (1984) Families of origin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 172: 207–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimidis S, Minas IH, Ata AW, Stuart GW (1992) Construct validation in adolescents of the brief current form of the Parental Bonding Instrument. Compr Psychiatry 33: 378–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackinnon AJ, Henderson AS, Andrews G (1993) Parental affectionless control as an antecedent to adult depression: a risk factor refined. Psychol Med 23: 135–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray RM, Cooper JE, Smith A (1979) The Leyton Obsessional Inventory: an analysis of the responses of 73 obsessional patients. Psychol Med 9: 305–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker G (1983) Parental overprotection. A risk factor in psychosocial development. Grune and Stratton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker G (1989) The parental bonding instrument: psychometric properties reviewed. Psychiatr Dev 4: 317–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D (1992) Parental repressentations of melancholic and non-melancholic depressives: examining for specificity to depressive type and for evidence of additive effects. Psychol Med 22: 657–665

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker G, Tupling H, Brown LB (1979) A parental bonding instrument. Br J Med Psychol 52: 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker G, Fairley M, Greenwood J, Jurd S, Silove D (1982) Parental representations of schizophrenics and their association with onset and course of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 141: 573–581

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker G, Johnston P, Hayward L (1988) Prediction of schizophrenic relapse using the Parental Bonding Instrument. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 22: 283–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Rachman S, (1976) Obsessional-compulsive checking. Behav Res Ther 14: 269–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Rachman SJ, Hodgson RJ (1980) Obsessions and compulsions. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Salzman L, Thaler FH (1981) Obsesive-compulsive disorders: a review of the literature. Am J Psychiatry 138: 286–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Silove D, Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Manicavasagar V, Blaszcynski A (1991) Parental representation of patients with panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Br J Psychiatry 159: 835–841

    Google Scholar 

  • Snowdon J (1980) A comparison of written and postbox forms of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory. Psychol Med 10: 165–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Stekette GS, Grayson JB, Foa EB (1985) Obsessive-compulsive disorder: differences between washers and checkers. Behav Res Ther 23: 197–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Stravynski A, Elie R, Franche R-L (1989) Perception of early parenting by patients diagnosed avoidant personality disorder: a test of the overprotection hypothesis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 80: 415–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Tseng W (1973) Psychopathologic study of obsessive-compulsive neurosis in Taiwan. Compr Psychiatry 14: 139–150

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cavedo, L.C., Parker, G. Parental Bonding Instrument. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 29, 78–82 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00805626

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00805626

Keywords

Navigation