Abstract
Toxicities of binary mixtures of Cu2+, Cd2+, benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] andN-ethylmaleimide (NEM) were screened using thein vitro neutral red (NR) assay to test the hypothesis that combined toxicity is more than or less than additive relative to the influence of each mixture constituent on toxicant uptake and brown cell lysosomal membrane stability. Significant cytotoxicity was observed at 25 μmol/L Cu2+, 500 μmol/L Cd2+ and 25 μmol/L NEM. B(a)P at 12 μmol/L exerted no toxicity under the conditions of the assay. Interactions between Cu2+ and NEM, between Cd2+ and NEM, and between Cd2+ and B(a)P significantly influenced brown cell survival. Comparison of observed joint toxicity with estimates made using a model of independent joint action indicates that interactive effects are less than additive in character. The 3-way interaction involving Cu2+, B(a)P, and NEM also affected brown cell survival to a statistically significant degree. However, the interactive cytotoxicity of this mixture is attributable mainly to the combined effect of Cu2+ and NEM. Results also indicate that new. hypotheses and additional experimentation are needed to understand the interactive toxicity of mixture constituents.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- PAH:
-
polyaromatic hydrocarbon
- NEM:
-
N-ethylmaleimide
- NR:
-
neutral red
- B(a)P:
-
benzo(a)pyrene
References
Allison AC, Mallucci L. Uptake of hydrocarbon carcinogens by lysosomes. Nature. 1964;203:1024–7.
Babich H, Borenfreund E. Fathead minnow FHM cells for use inin vitro cytotoxicity assays of aquatic pollutants. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety. 1987;14:78–87.
Babich H, Shopsis C, Borenfreund E.In vitro cytotoxicity testing of aquatic pollutants (cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel) using established fish cell lines. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety. 1986;11:91–9.
Bliss CI. The toxicity of poisons applied jointly. Ann Appl Biol. 1939;26:585–615.
Bracken WM, Sharma RP, Kleinschuster SJ. Cadmium accumulation and subcellular distribution in relation to cadmium chloride induced cytotoxicityin vitro. Toxicology. 1984;33:95–103.
Hicks CR.Fundamental concepts in the design of experiments. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1964:75–94.
Lindquist RR. Studies on the pathogenesis of hepatolenticular degeneration. III. The effect of copper on rat liver lysosomes. Am J Pathol. 1968;53:903–23.
Liu L, Kershaw WC, Liu YP, Klaassen CD. Cadmium-induced hepatic endothelial cell injury in inbred strains of mice. Toxicology. 1992;75:51–62.
Lowe DM, Pipe RK. Contaminant induced lysosomal membrane damage in marine mussel digestive cells: anin vitro study. Aquatic Toxicol. 1994;30:357–65.
Meshitsuka S, Ishizawa M, Nose T. Uptake and toxic effects of heavy metal ions: interactions among cadmium, copper and zinc in cultured cells. Experientia. 1982;43:151–6.
Moore MN, Lowe DM, Fieth DEM. Lysosomal responses to experimentally injected anthracene in the digestive cells ofMytilus edulis. Marine Biol. 1978;48:297–302.
Ochi T. Cadmium-resistant chinese hamster V79 cells with decreased accumulation of cadmium. Chem-Biol Interact. 1991;78:207–21.
SAS User's Guide, 1985. Helivig JJ, Council KA, eds. Carey, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.; 1985.
Rashid F, Horobin RW, Williams MA. Predicting the behavior and selectivity of fluorescent probes for lysosomes and related structures by means of structure-activity models. Histochem J. 1991;23:450–9.
Stacey NH, Klaassen CD. Copper toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1981;58:211–20.
Sternlieb D, Goldfischer S. Heavy metals and lysosomes. In: Dingle JT, Goldfischer S. Heavy metals and lysosomes. In: New York: American Elsevier; 1976:185–200.
Voyer RA, Heltshe JF. Factor interactions and aquatic toxicity testing. Water Res. 1984;18:441–7.
Weiner AL, Cousins RJ. Copper accumulation and metabolism in primary monolayer cultures of rat liver parenchymal cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990;629:113–25.
Zarrogian G, Yevich P. Cytology and biochemistry of brown cells inCrassostrea virginica collected at clean and contaminated stations. Environ Pollution. 1993;79:191–7.
Zaroogian G, Yevich P. The nature and function of the brown cell inGrassostrea virginica. Marine Environ Res. 1994;37:355–73.
Zaroogian G, Yevich P, Pavignano S. The role of the red gland inMercenaria mercenaria in detoxification. Marine Environ Res. 1989;28:447–50.
Zaroogian G, Anderson S, Voyer RA. Individual and combined cytotoxic effects of cadmium, copper, and nickel on brown cells ofMercenaria mercenaria. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety. 1992;24:328–37.
Zaroogian G, Yevich P, Anderson S. Effects of selected inhibitors on cadmium, nickel and benzol(a)pyrene uptake into brown cells ofMercenaria mercenaria. Marine Environ Res. 1993;35:41–5.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zaroogian, G., Voyer, R.A. Interactive cytotoxicities of selected organic and inorganic substances to brown cells ofMercenaria mercenaria . Cell Biol Toxicol 11, 263–271 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00757624
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00757624