Abstract
The morphology of graphite crystals grown from Ni-C melts doped with various elements was studied in detail, utilizing scanning electron microscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Graphite crystals grown from pure Ni-C melts are normally flaky. The addition of lanthanum or calcium to the melt resulted in a tendency towards a spherical morphology, which was associated with the appearance of tiny carbide crystallites on the {0 1¯1 0} graphite surfaces. The addition of lead resulted in enhanced graphite crystal dimensions. Pyramidal-shaped tiny graphite crystallites covered the (0001) surfaces. An approximately 20 nm thick layer of adsorbed Pb also appeared on the (0001) surfaces. Similar effects on the morphology were obtained by the addition of sulphur (S), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), or selenium (Se). The addition of La or Ca with Pb induced the growing of graphite crystals in the form of pyramids. These were covered by very tiny carbide crystallites situated on the {0 1¯1 0} faces of the graphite. The results are discussed in terms of the dopants' effects on the undercooling and growing rates in the different graphite crystallographic directions, as well as on adsorption to or interaction between the added elements and the growing graphite crystal surfaces.
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Munitz, A., Nadiv, S. Effect of doping elements on the morphology of graphite grown from Ni-C melts. J Mater Sci 17, 3409–3422 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00752185
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00752185