Lake Chilwa, Malawi (lat. 15°S; long. 36°E) has a potential area of open water of 700 km2; it is shallow and has no outlet. The lake level fluctuates in height with alternate wet and dry seasons, and the mean annual level rises and falls over a 6-year period. This study was conducted from the end of the wet season of 1966 to the end of the dry season of 1967, which was at the end of the 6-year cycle, and it preceded the complete drying of the lake in 1968 and its recovery in 1969, an event which last happened in 1922–23.
Forthnightly samples of water were examined for electrical conductivity, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, chloride, alkalinity, sulphate, phosphate, silicate, nitrite, nitrate, albuminoid nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature.
The lake water is characterized by chloride being half the concentration (in me/l) of sodium and equal to alkalinity. The conductivity initially 4210 µmho/cm, increased by a factor of 3 in 1966 and by 4 in 1967. Calcium and magnesium carbonate were precipitated in the hot dry months. The effect of a cyclone was to dilute the surface waters 20 times less than the previous month. The water was supersaturated with oxygen, except in the coolest months. The temperature varied between 21°C and 37°C and the pH between 8 and 11 units.
The pattern of chemical factors depends on dilution and concentration due to climatic influences, on interactions of some ions with the biota, with each other and in some cases with the exposed mud. The significance of this pattern for the biology of the lake is discussed. The ionic composition is compared with that of other African lakes.
This study, during an atypical period, is intended to assist plans to conserve the fishing industry, which in years of high lake level produces almost half the total catch of the country.