Abstract
The speed-up of the flow over a small embankment is studied. Wind speed was measured in both the inner and outer layer of the flow. Hence, the height of the inner layer can be clearly identified in the measurements. The influence of stratification on the speed-up ratio is also investigated. Additionally, pressure was measured at six sites over the embankment. The results are compared with theoretical studies of Hoff (1987) and Sykes (1980). The perturbation pressure scales withu(l)u(L)H/L and not withu 2 (L)H/L as assumed by Jackson and Hunt (1975).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bradley, E. F.: 1983, ‘The Influence of Thermal Stability and Angle of Incidence on the Acceleration of Wind up a Slope”,J. Wind Eng. Indust. Aerodynam. 15, 231–242.
Busch, N. E. and Kristensen, L.: 1976, ‘Cup Anemometer Overspeeding’,J. Appl. Meteorol. 15, 1328–1332.
Coppin, P. A.: 1982 ‘An Examination of Cup Overspeeding’,Meteorol. Rdsch. 35, 1–11.
Emeis, S.: 1990, ‘Pressure Drag of Obstacles in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer’,J. Appl. Meteorol. 29, 461–476.
Fiedler, F. and Panofsky, H. A.: 1972 ‘The Geostrophic Drag Coefficient and the ‘Effective’ Roughness Length’,Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 98, 213–220.
Heldt, K.: 1991, ‘Untersuchungen zur Überströmung eines mikroskaligen Hindernisses in der Atmosphäre’,Wiss. Berichte Inst. Meteor. Klimaf. Univ. Karlsruhe 14, 97 pp. (Available from: Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Kaiserstr. 12, D-7500 Karlsruhe 1, Germany.)
Hoff, A. M.: 1987, ‘Ein analytisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung der mittleren horizontalen Windgeschwindigkeiten über zweidimensionalen Hügeln’,Berichte Inst. Meteor. Klim. Univ. Hannover 28, 69 pp. (Available from: Institut für Meteorologie und Klimatologie, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-3000 Hannover 21, Germany.)
Hoff, A. M. and Tetzlaff, G.: 1986, ‘Experimental Investigation of the Air Flow over a Nearly Twodimensional Hill’,Meteorol. Rdsch. 38, 113–126.
Hunt, J. C. R.: 1980, ‘Wind over Hills’, in J. C. Wyngaard (ed.),Workshop on the Planetary Boundary Layer, Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, pp. 107–146.
Jackson, P. S. and Hunt, J. C. R.: 1975, ‘Turbulent Wind Flow over a Low Hill’,Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 101, 929–955.
Jensen, N. O., Petersen, E. L., and Troen, I.: 1984,Extrapolation of Mean Wind Statistics with Special Regard to Wind Energy Applications Report WCP-86, World Meteorol. Organization, Geneva, 85 pp.
Mason, P. J.: 1986, ‘Flow over the Summit of an Isolated Hill’,Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 37, 385–405.
Mason, P. J. and King, J. C.: 1985, ‘Measurements and Predictions of Flow and Turbulence over an Isolated Hill of Moderate Slope’,Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 111, 617–640.
Monin, A. S. and Obukhov, A. M.: 1958, ‘Fundamentale Gesetzmäßigkeiten der turbulenten Vermischung in der bodennahen Atmosphäre’, in H. Goering (ed.)Statistische Theorie der Turbulenz, Akad. Verl., Berlin, pp. 199–226.
Panofsky, H. A. and Dutton, J. A.: 1984,Atmospheric Turbulence, Models and Methods for Engineering Applications, Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 397 pp.
Panofsky, H. A. and Townsend, A. A.: 1964, ‘Change of Terrain Roughness and the Wind Profile’,Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 90, 147–155.
Sykes, R. I.: 1980, ‘An Asymptotic Theory of Incompressible Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow over a Small-Lump’,J. Fluid Mech. 101, 647–670.
Taylor, P. A.: 1980, ‘Some Recent Results from a Numerical Model of Surface Boundary Layer Flow over Hills’, in J. C. Wyngaard (ed.),Workshop on the Planetary Boundary Layer, Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, pp. 150–157.
Taylor, P. A., Mason, P. J., and Bradley, E. F.: 1987, ‘Boundary-Layer Flow over Low Hills’,Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 39, 107–132.
Taylor, P. A., Walmsley, J. R., and Salmon, J. R.: 1983, ‘A Simple Model of Neutrally Stable Boundary-Layer Flow over Real Terrain Incorporating Wavenumber-Dependent Scaling’,Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 26, 169–189.
Teunissen, H. W.: 1983, ‘Wind-Tunnel and Full-Scale Comparison of Mean Wind Flow over an Isolated Hill’,J. Wind Eng. Indust. Aerodynam. 15, 271–286.
Townsend, A. A.: 1965, ‘The Response of a Turbulent Boundary Layer to Abrupt Changes in Surface Conditions’,J. Fluid Mech. 22, 799–822.
Zierep, J.: 1979,Grundzüge der Strömungslehre, Karlsruhe, Braun Verlag, 170 pp.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Frank, H., Heldt, K., Emeis, S. et al. Flow over an embankment: Speed-up and pressure perturbation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 63, 163–182 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00705381
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00705381