Abstract
The mean density of matter, as estimated from deep optical samples of galaxies, is too low to close the Universe. However, some additional considerations do not exclude such a possibility.
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Flin, P. The estimation of the mean density in the Universe. Astrophys Space Sci 86, 493–495 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00683352
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00683352