Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment of freshwater diatoms as quantitative indicators of past climatic change in the Yukon and Northwest Territories, Canada

  • Published:
Journal of Paleolimnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We identified, enumerated, and interpreted the diatom assemblages preserved in the surface sediments of 59 lakes located between Whitehorse in the Yukon and Tuktoyaktuk in the Northwest Territories (Canada). The lakes are distributed along a latitudinal gradient that includes several ecoclimatic zones. It also spans large gradients in limnological variables. Thus, the study lakes are ideal for environmental calibration of modern diatom assemblages. Canonical correspondence analysis, with forward selection and Monte Carlo permutation tests, showed that maximum lake depth and summer surface-water temperature were the two environmental variables that accounted for most of the variance in the diatom data. The concentrations of sodium and calcium were also important explanatory variables. Using weighted-averaging regression and calibration techniques, we developed a predictive statistical model to infer lake surface-water temperature, and we evaluated the feasibility of using diatoms as paleoclimate proxies. This model may be used to derive paleotemperature inferences from fossil diatom assemblages at appropriate sites in the western Canadian Arctic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Battarbee, R. W., 1984. Diatom analysis and the acidification of lakes. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B305: 451–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Battarbee, R. W., J. P. Smol & J. Meriläinen, 1986. Diatoms as indicators of pH: an historical review. In J. P. Smol, R. W. Battarbee, R. B. Davis, & J. Meriläinen, (eds). Diatoms and Lake Acidity, 5–14. Dr W. Junk, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birks, H. J. B., J. M. Line, S. Juggins, A. C. Stevenson & C. J. F. Ter Braak, 1990. Diatoms and pH reeonstruction. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B327: 263–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borcard, D., P. Legendre & P. Drapeau, 1992. Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation. Ecology 73: 1045–1055.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R. S., 1985. Quaternary Paleoclimatology. Allen & Unwin, Boston, 472 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brock, T. D., 1974. Biology of Microorganisms, 2nd edn. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 852 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brock, T. D., 1978. Thermophilic Microorganisms and Life at High Temperatures. Springer Verlag, New York, 449 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, J. P., 1984. Our changing northern climate. Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Service, 8th Northern Resources Conference, 10 pp.

  • Bunt, J. S., 1968. Some characteristics of microalgae isolated from Antarctic sea ice. Antarct. Res. Serv. 11: 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camburn, K. E., J. C. Kingston & D. F. Charles, 1984–1986. Paleoecological Investigation of Recent Lake Acidification. PIRLA Diatom Iconograph, PIRLA Unpublished Report Series, Report 3, Indiana University, USA.

  • Castenholz, R. W., 1969. Thermophilic blue-green algae and the thermal environment. Bact. Rev. 33: 476–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapin, F. S., P. C. Miller, W. D. Billings & P. I. Coyne, 1980. In J. Brown, P. C. Miller, L. L. Tieszen & F. K. Bunnell, (eds). An Arctic Ecosystem, the Coastal Tundra at Barrow, Alaska, 458–484. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles, D. F., M. W. Binford, E. T. Furlong, R. A. Hites, M. J. Mitchell, S. A. Norton, F. Oldfield, M. J. Paterson, J. P. Smol, A. J. Uutala, J. R. White, D. R. Whitehead & R. J. Wise, 1990. Paleoecological investigation of recent lake acidifcation in the Adirondack Mountains, N. Y. J. Paleolimnol., 3: 195–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christie, C. E. & J. P. Smol, 1993. Diatom assemblages as indicators of lake trophic status in southeastern Ontario lakes. J. Phycol., 29 (in press).

  • Cleve-Euler, A., 1951–1955. Die Diatomeen von Schweden und Finnland. Bibliotheca Phycologica, J. Cramer Verlag, Lehre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, B. F., J. P. Smol & H. J. B. Birks, 1992. Scaled chrysophytes (Chrysophyceae and Synurophyceae) from Adirondack drainage lakes and their relationship to measured environmental variables. J. Phycol., 28: 162–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, B. F. & J. P. Smol, 1993. Diatoms and their relationship to salinity and other limnological characteristics from 65 Cariboo/Chilcotin region (British Columbia, Canada) lakes. Hydrobiologia (in press).

  • Curl, H. Jr. & P. Becker, 1970. Terrestrial cryophilic algae of the Antarctic Peninsula. Antarct. J. U. S., 5: 121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dauta, A., J. Devaux, F. Piquemal & L. Boumnich, 1990. Growth rate of four freshwater algae in relation to light and temperature. Hydrobiologia 207:221–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixit, S. S., A. S. Dixit & J. P. Smol, 1989. Relationshi between chrysophyte assemblages and environmental variables in seventy-two Sudbury lakes as examined by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 46: 1667–1676.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixit, S. S., B. F. Cumming, H. J. B. Birks, J. P. Smol, J. C. Kingston, A. J. Uutala, D. F. Charles & K. E. Camburn, 1993. Diatom assemblages from Adirondack lakes (New York, USA) and the development of inference models for retrospective environmental assessment. J. Paleolimnol., 8: 27–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, M. S. V. & J. P. Smol, 1993. Freshwater diatoms from high arctic ponds (Cape Herschel, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T.). Nova Hedwigia 57: 511–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environment Canada, 1979. Analytical methods manual. Inland Waters Directorate, Water Quality Branch, Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environment Canada, 1989. Ecoclimatic regions of Canada, first approximation. Ecological Land Classification Series, No. 23, Ecoregions Working Group, Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environment Canada, 1975–1990. Yukon ice freeze-up and ice break-up reports, Atmospheric Environment Service, White-horse, Yukon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foged, N., 1964. Freshwater diatoms from Spitsbergen. Tromsö Museums Skrifter, No. 11. Universitetsforlaget, Tromsö/Oslo, 205 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foged, N., 1981. Diatoms in Alaska. Bibliotheca Phycologica, No. 53. J. Cramer Verlag, Vaduz, 317 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, S. C., S. Juggins, R. W. Battarbee & D. R. Engstrom, 1991. Reconstruction of past changes in salinity and climate using a diatom-based transfer function. Nature 352: 706–708.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukushima, H., 1963. Studies on cryophytes in Japan. Journal of Yokahama Municipal University, Series C, Natural Sciences 43: 1–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasse, F., V. Lědée, M. Massault & J.-C. Fontes, 1989. Water-level fluctuations of Lake Tanganyika in phase with oceanic changes during the last glaciation and deglaciation. Nature 342: 57–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauch, H. G. Jr. 1982. Noise reduction by eigenvector ordinations. Ecology 63: 1643–1649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Germain, H., 1981. Flore des diatomées. Boubée, Paris, 444 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glew, J., 1989. A new trigger mechanism for sediment samplers. J. Paleolimnol. 2: 241–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glew, J., 1991. Miniature gravity corer for recovering short sediment cores. J. Paleolimnol. 5: 285–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guillard, R. R. L. & J. H. Ryther, 1962. Studies of marine plankton diatoms I.Cyclotella nana Nustedt andDetonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran. J. Phycol. 5: 150–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. I. & J. P. Smol, 1992. A weighted-averaging regression and calibration model for inferring total phosphorus concentration from diatoms in British Columbia (Canada) lakes. Freshwat. Biol. 27: 417–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartig, J. H. & D. G. Wallen, 1986. The influence of light and temperature on growth and photosynthesis ofFragilaria crotonensis Kitton. J. Freshwat. Ecol. 3: 371–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hein, M. K. & J. D. Koppen, 1979. Effects of thermally elevated discharges on the structure and composition of estuarine periphyton diatom assemblages. Estuar. Coast. Mar. Sci. 9: 385–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, M. O., 1973. Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54: 427–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, M. O., & H. G. Gauch, 1980. Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique. Vegetatio 42: 47–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoham, R., 1975. Optimum temperatures and temperature ranges for growth of snow algae. Arctic and Alpine Research 7: 13–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hustedt, F., 1927–1966. Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Osterreichs und der Schweiz. In Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, Vol. 7(1–3). Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hustedt, F. 1957. Die Diatomeenflora des Hubsystems der Weser im Gebiet der Hansestadt Bremen. Abhandlungen des Naturwis-senschaftlichen Vereins Bremen 34: 181–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, G. E., 1967. A Treatise on Limnology, Vol. II John wiley & Sons, New York, 1015 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imbrie, J. & N. G. Kipp, 1971. A new micropaleontological method for quantitative paleoclimatology: application to a late Pleistocene Carribbean core. In K. K. Turekian, (ed.). The late Cenozoic Glacial Ages, 71–181, Yale University Press, New Haven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen, E. G., 1957. Diatom periodicity and silicon assimilation. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 18: 54 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilham, P., 1971. A hypothesis concerning silica and the freshwater planktonic diatoms. Limnol. Oceanog., 16: 10–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koivo, L. K. & J. C. Ritchie, 1978. Modern diatom assemblages from lake sediments in the boreal-arctic transition region near the Mackenzie Delta, N. W. T., Canada. Can. J. Bot. 56: 1010–1020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krammer, K. & H. Lange-Bertalot, 1986–1991. Bacillariophyceae. In H. Ettl, J. Gerloff, H. Heynig & D. Mollenhauer, (eds.). Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Vol. 2(1–4). Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart/Jena.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, H. H. & H. T. Morth, 1978. Arctic ice, atmospheric circulation and world climate. Geographical Journal 144: 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Line, J. M. & H. J. B. Birks, 1990. WACALIB version 2.1 — a computer program to reconstruct environmental variables from fossil assemblages by weighted averaging. J. Paleolimnol. 3: 170–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Line, J. M., C. J. F. Ter Braak & H. J. B. Birks, 1994. WACALIB version 3.3 — a computer program to reconstruct environmental variables from fossil assemblages by weighted averaging and to derive sample-specific errors of prediction. J. Paleolimnol. 10: 147–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund, J. W. G., 1964. Primary production and periodicity of phytoplankton. Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. 15: 37–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel, C., L. Legendre, J.-C. Therriault & S. Demers, 1989. Photosynthetic responses of arctic sea-ice microalgae to short-term temperature acclimation. Polar Biol. 9: 437–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mölder, K. & R. Tynni, 1967–1973. Über Finnlands rezente und subfossile Diatomeen. Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland, Vols 39: 199–217, 40: 151–170, 41: 235–251, 42: 129–144, 43: 203–220, 44: 141–149, 45: 159–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, R., 1969. Some effects of temperature on freshwater algae. In P.A. Krenkel & F.L. Parker, (eds.), Biological aspects of thermal pollution, Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, Tennessee, 161–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, R., 1971. The effects of increasing light and temperature on the structure of diatom communities. Limnol. Oceanogr. 16: 405–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, R., 1974. Effects of abnormal temperatures on algal communities. In J.W. Gibbons & R.R. Sharitz, R.R. (eds), Thermal Ecology, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C., 335–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, R. & C. Reimer, 1966. The diatoms of the United States. Vol. 1: Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Achnanthaceae, Naviculaceae. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 688 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, R. & C. Reimer, 1975. The diatoms of the United States. Vol. 2: Entomoneidaceae, Cymbellaceae, Gornphonemaceae, Epithemiaceae. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 213 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pienitz, R., 1993. Paleoclimate proxy data inferred from freshwater diatoms from the Yukon and the Northwest Territories. Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, 220 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pientiz, R. & J. P. Smol, 1993. Diatom assemblages and their relationship to environmental variables in lakes from the boreal forest tundra ecotone near Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. Hydrobiologia 269/270: 391–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pienitz, R., J. P. Smol & D. R. S. Lean, 1994a. Chemical limnology of lakes from the southern Yukon to the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, Arctic Canada. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. (submitted).

  • Pienitz, R., J. P. Smol & D. R. S. Lean, 1994b. Chemical limnology of lakes from Yellowknife to Contwoyto Lake (Northwest Territories), Arctic Canada. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. (submitted).

  • Raven, J. A. & R. J. Geider, 1988. Temperature and algal growth. New Phytol. 110: 441–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhee, G.-Y. & I. J. Gotham, 1981. The effect of environmental factors on phytoplankton growth: temperature and the interactions of temperature with nutrient limitation. Limnol. Oceanogr. 26: 635–648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, D. M., 1989. The use of lake water temperature and ice cover as climatic indicators. Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 pp.

  • Seaburg, K. G., B. C. Parker, R. A. Wharton Jr. & G. M. Simmons Jr., 1981. Temperature-growth responses of algal isolates from Antarctic oases. J. Phycol. 17: 353–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Servant-Vildary, S. & M. Roux, 1990. Variations de température estimées à partir du déplacement en altitude des associations de diatomées dans une séquence holocène de la Cordillère Orientale de Bolivie. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris 311 (II): 429–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Servant-Vildary, S., J. L. Melice, F. Sondag, A. Einarsson, M. Dickman & K. Stewart, 1992. A transfer function diatom/silica displayed in Lake Myvatn (Iceland). Abstracts, 12th International Diatom Symposium, Renesse, The Netherlands.

  • Shortreed, K. S. & J. G. Stockner, 1986. Trophic status of 19 subarctic lakes in the Yukon Territory. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43: 797–805.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuter, B. J., D. A. Schlesinger & A. P. Zimmerman, 1983. Empirical predictors of annual surface water temperature cycles in North American lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 1838–1845.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smol, J. P., 1988. Paleoclimate proxy data from freshwater arctic diatoms. Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. 23: 837–844.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smol, J. P., I. R. Walker & P. R. Leavitt, 1991. Paleolimnology and hindcasting climatic trends. Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. 24: 1240–1246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, J. R., 1963. AChromulina (Chrysophyceae) from snow. Can. J. Bot. 41: 1367–1370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, A. C., H. J. B. Birks, R. J. Flower & R. W. Battarbee, 1989. Diatom-based pH reconstruction of lake acidification using canonical correspondence analysis. Ambio 18: 228–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, A. C., S. Juggins, H. J. B. Birks, D. S. Anderson, N. J. Anderson, R. W. Battarbee, F. Berge, R. B. Davis, R. J. Flower, E. Y. Haworth, V. J. Jones, J. C. Kingston, A. M. Kreiser, J. M. Line, M. A. R. Munro & I. Renberg, 1991. The Surface Waters Acidification Project Palaeolimnology Programme: Modern Diatom/Lake-water Chemistry Data-set. ENSIS Publishing, London, 86 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoermer, E. F. & T. B. Ladewski, 1976. Apparent optimal temperatures for the occurrence of some common phytoplankton species in southern Lake Michigan. Great Lakes Research Division, Publ. No. 18, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuart, R. A. & A. S. Judge, 1991. On the applicability of GCM estimates to scenarios of global warming in the Mackenzie valley area. Climatol. Bull. 25: 147–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ter Braak, C. J. F., 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67: 1167–1178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ter Braak, C. J. F., 1987a. Unimodal models to relate species to environment. Doctoral Thesis, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ter Braak, C. J. F., 1987b. Ordination. In R. H. G. Jongman, C. J. F. Ter Braak & O. F. R. Van Tongeren, (eds), Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology, 91–173. Pudoc, Wageningen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ter Braak, C. J. F., 1988a. CANOCO — A FORTRAN program for canonical community ordination by [partial] [detrended] [canonical] correspondence analysis, principal components analysis and redundancy analysis (version 2.1). Technical Report LWA-88-02, GLW, Wageningen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ter Braak, C. J. F., 1988b. Partial canonical correspondence analysis. In H. H. Bock, (ed.), Classification and related methods of data analysis, 551–558. North Holland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ter Braak, C. J. F., 1990a. CANOCO — a FORTRAN program for CANOnical Community Ordination. Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ter Braak, C. J. F., 1990b. Update notes: CANOCO version 3.10. Agricultural Mathematics Group, Wageningen. 35 pp.

  • Ter Braak, C. J. F. & L. G. Barendregt, 1986. Weighted averaging of species indicator values: its efficiency in environmental calibration. Math. Biosci. 78: 57–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ter Braak, C. J. F. & C. W. N. Looman, 1986. Weighted averaging, logistic regression and the Gaussian response model. Vegetatio, 65: 3–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ter Braak, C. J. F. & I. C. Prentice, 1988. A theory of gradient analysis. Adv. Ecol. Res. 18: 271–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ter Braak, C. J. F. & H. Van Dam, 1989. Inferring pH from diatoms: a comparison of old and new calibration methods. Hydrobiologia 178: 209–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ter Braak, C. J. F. & S. Juggins, 1993. Weighted averaging partial least squares regression (WA-PLS): an improved method for reconstructing environmental variables from species assemblages. Hydrobiologia (in press).

  • Ter Braak, C. J. F., S. Juggins, H. J. B. Birks & H. Van der Voet, 1993. Weighted averaging partial least squares regression (WA-PLS): definition and comparison with other methods for species-environment calibration. In G. P. Patil & C. R. Rao, (eds), Multivariate Environmental Statistics, 525–560. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilman, D. & R. L. Kiesling, 1984. Freshwater algal ecology: Taxonomic trade-offs in the temperature dependence of nutrient competitive abilities. In M. J. Klug & C. A. Reddy, (eds), Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, 314–319. Michigan State University.

  • Tynni, R., 1975–1980. Über Finnlands rezente und subfossile Diatomeen. Geol. Survey Finland Bull. 274: 1–55, 284: 1–37, 296: 1–55, 312: 1–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, W. F. & C. Howard-Williams, 1989. Microbial communities in southern Victoria Land streams (Antarctica). II. The effects of low temperature. In W. F. Vincent & J. C. Ellis-Evans, (eds), High Latitude Limnology. Hydrobiologia 172: 39–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vyverman, W., 1992a. Altitudinal distribution of non-cosmopolitan desmids and diatoms in Papua New Guinea. Brit. Phycol. J. 27: 49–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vyverman, W., 1992b. Multivariate analysis of periphytic and benthic diatom assemblages from Papua New Guinea. Hydrobiologia 234: 175–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahl, H. E., D. B. Fraser, R. C. Harvey & J. B. Maxwell, 1987. Climate of Yukon. Climatological Studies, No. 40, Atmospheric Environment Service, Minister of Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, 323 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, I. R., J. P. Smol, D. R. Engstrom & H. J. B. Birks, 1991. An assessment of Chironomidae as quantitative indicators of past climatic change. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 975–987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb III, T., F. A. Street-Perrott & J. E. Kutzbach, 1987. Late-Quaternary palaeoclimatic data and climate models. Episodes 10: 4–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetzel, R. G., 1983. Limnology, 2nd edition. Saunders College Publishing, 767 pp.

  • Zar, J. H., 1984. Biostatistical Analysis, 2nd edition. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 718 pp.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Reinhard Pienitz

    Present address: Centre d'études nordiques et départment de géographie, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4, Québec, Canada

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, K7L 3N6, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

    Reinhard Pienitz, John P. Smol & H. John B. Birks

  2. Botanical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007, Bergen, Norway

    H. John B. Birks

  3. Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, WC1H OAP, London, UK

    H. John B. Birks

Authors
  1. Reinhard Pienitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John P. Smol
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. H. John B. Birks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pienitz, R., Smol, J.P. & Birks, H.J.B. Assessment of freshwater diatoms as quantitative indicators of past climatic change in the Yukon and Northwest Territories, Canada. J Paleolimnol 13, 21–49 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00678109

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00678109

Key words

Search

Navigation