Abstract
A study has been made of the mechanisms of dynamic polarization of nuclei in organic materials at temperatures below 1 K and in magnetic fields up to 50 kG. After a summary of the mechanisms of dynamic polarization, the experimental results on 1,2-propanediol, doped with paramagnetic CrV complexes, are compared quantitatively with a spin temperature model of Borghini, in which it is assumed that the nuclear polarization is obtained via thermal contact with a dynamically cooled electron spin-spin interaction reservoir. The strong influence of this latter reservoir was apparent from the transient behavior of different nuclear spin systems contained in the same sample. The abovementioned spin temperature model has the unique property of not using the simplifying “high-temperature approximation” and it was the first time that this model has been found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental data in the 100 mK region. Furthermore, dynamic polarization experiments with the free radical BDPA are reviewed. These measurements show clearly the contributions of different mechanisms of dynamic polarization. The results are found to be in agreement with formulas derived from the spin temperature theory after introduction of some simplifying assumptions in order to be able to deal with low temperatures.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. Abragam,Principles of Nuclear Magnetism (Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1961).
C. D. Jeffries,Dynamic Nuclear Orientation (Interscience Publishers, New York, 1963).
M. Goldman,Spin Temperature and Magnetic Resonance in Solids (Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1970).
M. Borghini, G. Shapiro, ed., inProc. 2nd Internat. Conf. on Polarized Targets, Berkeley, 1971 (LBL 500, UC-34 Physics, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 1972), p. 1, and references quoted therein.
L. L. Buishvili,Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 49, 1968 (1965) [English transl.,Soviet Phys.—JETP 22, 1277 (1966)]; L. L. Buishvili, M. D. Zviadadze, and G. R. Khutsishvili,Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 54, 876 (1968) [English transl.,Soviet Phys.—JETP 27, 469 (1968)].
V. A. Atsarkin and M. I. Rodak,Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk 107, 3 (1972) [English transl.,Soviet Phys.—Uspekhi 15, 251 (1973)], and references quoted therein.
W. Th. Wenckebach and N. J. Poulis, in17th Congress Ampère, Turku, Finland, 1972 V. Hovi, ed. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1973), p. 120; W. Th. Wenckebach, T. J. B. Swanenburg, and N. J. Poulis,Phys. Reports, to be published.
A. Abragam and M. Borghini, inProgress in Low Temperature Physics, C. J. Corter, ed. (North-Holland Publishing, Amsterdam, 1964), Vol. IV, Chapter 8.
C. E. Byvik and D. S. Wollan,The Spin Temperature Theory of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (NASA TR R-427, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 1974); D. S. Wollan, “Dynamic nuclear polarization with an inhomogeneous broadened ESR line,” submitted toPhys. Rev. B.
La Direction de la Physique, CEN (eds.),Proc. 1st Internat. Conf. on Polarized Targets and Ion Sources, Saclay, 1966); (La Documentation Française, Saclay, 1966); G. Shapiro (ed.),Proc. 2nd Internat. Conf. on Polarized Targets, Berkeley, 1971 (LBL 500, UC-34 Physics, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 1972).
A. Kastler,C. R. Acad. Sci. B 233, 1444 (1951).
A. W. Overhauser,Phys. Rev. 89, 689 (1953);92, 411 (1953).
J. Korringa,Phys. Rev. 94, 1388 (1954).
H. G. Beljers, L. van der Kint, and J. S. van Wieringen,Phys. Rev. 95, 1683 (1954).
A. Abragam,Phys. Rev. 98, 1729 (1955).
C. D. Jeffries,Phys. Rev. 106, 164 (1957).
N. Bloembergen and P. P. Sorokin,Phys. Rev. 110, 865 (1958).
A. Abragam and W. G. Proctor,C. R. Acad. Sci. B 246, 2253 (1958).
B. N. Provotorov,Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 41, 1582 (1961); [English transl.,Soviet Phys.—JETP 14, 1126 (1962)];Fiz. Tverd. Tela 4, 2940 (1962); [English transl.,Soviet Phys.—Solid State 4, 2155 (1963)];Phys. Rev. 128, 75 (1962).
B. N. Provotorov,Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 42, 882 (1962); [English transl.,Soviet Phys.—JETP 15, 611 (1962)].
M. Borghini, S. Mango, O. Runolfsson, and J. Vermeulen, inProc. 1st Internat. Conf. on Polarized Targets and Ion Sources, Saclay, 1966, La Direction de la Physique, CEN, eds. (La Documentation Française, Saclay, 1966), p. 387.
H. Glättli, M. Odehnal, J. Ezratty, A. Malinovski, and A. Abragam,Phys. Lett. 29A, 5 (1969); A. Masaike, H. Glättli, J. Ezratty, and A. Malinovski,Phys. Lett. 30A, 63 (1969).
W. de Boer and T. O. Niinikoski,Nucl. Instr. Meth. 114, 495 (1974).
W. de Boer, M. Borghini, K. Morimoto, T. O. Niinikoski, and F. Udo,J. Low Temp. Phys. 15, 249 (1974).
M. Borghini, W. de Boer, and K. Morimoto,Phys. Lett. 48A, 244 (1974).
M. Goldman, M. Chapellier, Vu Hoang Chau, and A. Abragam,Phys. Rev. B 10, 226 (1974).
M. A. Kozhushner,Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 56, 246 (1969); [English transl.,Soviet Phys.—JETP 29, 136 (1969)].
M. Borghini,Phys. Rev. Lett. 20, 419 (1968).
T. R. Carver and C. P. Slichter,Phys. Rev. 92, 212 (1953).
M. Abraham, R. W. Kedzie, and C. D. Jeffries,Phys. Rev. 106, 165 (1957).
F. M. Pipkin and J. W. Culvahouse,Phys. Rev. 106, 1102 (1957).
C. D. Jeffries,Phys. Rev. 117, 1056 (1960).
E. Erb, J. L. Motchane, and J. Uebersfeld,C. R. Acad. Sci. B 246, 2121, 3050 (1958).
A. Abragam, J. Combrisson, and I. Solomon,C. R. Acad. Sci. B 247, 2237 (1958).
M. Abraham, M. A. H. McCausland, and F. N. H. Robinson,Phys. Rev. Lett. 2, 449 (1959).
C. F. Hwang and D. A. Hill,Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 1011 (1967).
N. Bloembergen, E. M. Purcell, and R. V. Pound,Phys. Rev. 73, 679 (1948).
A. M. Portis,Phys. Rev. 91, 1070 (1953);104, 584 (1956).
M. Borghini,Phys. Lett. 26A, 242 (1968).
M. A. Kozhushner and B. N. Provotorov,Fiz. Tverd. Tela 6, 1152 (1964); [English transl.,Soviet Phys.—Solid State 6, 1152 (1964)].
N. Bloembergen,Physica 15, 386 (1949); G. R. Khutsishvili, in17th Congress Ampère, Turku, Finland, 1972, V. Hovi, ed. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1973), p. 35.
J. Philippot,Phys. Rev. 133, A471 (1964).
A. G. Redfield,Phys. Rev. 98, 1787 (1955);Science 164, 1015 (1969).
W. de Boer, Thesis (1974), University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands [CERN 74-11 (1974)].
V. N. Fedotov,Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 53, 1982 (1967); [English transl.,Soviet Phys.—JETP 26, 1123 (1968)].
W. Gorn and P. Robrish, inProc. 2nd Internat. Conf. on Polarized Targets, Berkeley, 1971, G. Shapiro, ed. (LBL 500, UC-34 Physics, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 1972), p. 305.
W. de Boer,Nucl. Instr. Meth. 107, 99 (1973).
N. S. Garif'yanov, B. M. Kozyrev, and V. N. Fedotov,Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 178, 808 (1968); [English transl.,Soviet Phys. Dokl. 13, 107 (1968)].
H. Glättli, inProc. 2nd Internat. Conf. on Polarized Targets, Berkeley, 1971, G. Shapiro, ed. (LBL 500, UC-34 Physics, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 1972), p. 281.
E. Boyes, G. R. Court, B. Craven, R. Gamet, and P. J. Hayman, inProc. 2nd Internat. Conf. on Polarized Targets, Berkeley, 1971, G. Shapiro, ed. (LBL 500 UC-34 Physics, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 1972), p. 403.
M. Borghini and K. Scheffler,Nucl. Instr. Meth. 95, 93 (1971).
M. Borghini and K. Scheffler,Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1362 (1971); M. Borghini and F. Udo,Phys. Lett. 43A, 93 (1973).
W. de Boer, M. Borghini, M. Rieubland, and F. Udo, “Dynamic polarization at3He temperatures in a 50 kG magnetic field,” unpublished results.
A. Abragam, inProc. 1st Internat. Conf. on Polarized Targets and Ion Sources, Saclay, 1966, La Direction de la Physique, CEN, eds. (La Documentation Française, Saclay, 1966), p. 27.
M. Odehnal and V. Bouffard,Phys. Lett. 32A, 407 (1970).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Boer, W. Dynamic orientation of nuclei at low temperatures. J Low Temp Phys 22, 185–212 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00655221
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00655221