Conclusions
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1.
Kh12 steel (without upsetting and elongation in forging) has the highest anisotropy of distortion after final heat treatment. The anisotropy of the distortion of Kh12M samples is 30–50% that of Kh12 samples, and that of Kh6VF samples is 20–25%.
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2.
Forging with upsetting and elongation reduces the anisotropy of distortion of Kh12 steel by half, but this is still double that of Kh6VF steel.
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3.
Forging with upsetting and elongation improves the mechanical properties of Kh12M steel but has little effect on the value or anisotropy of distortion after final heat treatment.
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4.
Forging with upsetting and elongation of Kh6VF steel has almost no effect on the magnitude or anisotropy of distortion after final heat treatment.
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5.
The magnitude and anisotropy of distortion in heat treatment of Kh12-type steels depend little on the distribution or type of carbides. The distortion of these steels depends mainly on the amount of carbides. Therefore, steels with a low concentration of carbides (Kh6VF, etc.) should be used for punching dies.
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Literature cited
J. Fresher, Archiv Eisenhüttenwesen,24 (1953).
Yu. A. Geller, Tool Steels [in Russian], Metallurgizdat (1965).
Tool Steels. Handbook [in Russian], Mashgiz, Moscow (1961).
L. A. Poznyak, F. S. Shtein, and L. M. Orlova, MiTOM, No. 10 (1962).
Additional information
VNIITÉlektroprom. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 9, pp. 39–43, September, 1967.
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Aranovich, A.O., Bondarenko, S.I. Distortion of high-chromium die steels in heat treatment. Met Sci Heat Treat 9, 681–683 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00649052
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00649052