Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

On the presence of graphite in the interstellar medium

  • Published:
Astrophysics and Space Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The justification for the presence of graphite in the interstellar medium is examined. The conditions necessary for growth of graphite (single crystals) and other structurally disordered carbons are discussed. The effect of structural imperfections on the mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, optic and chemical properties is illustrated. From this information it is concluded that the existence of graphite (single crystals) in the interstellar medium is unlikely. While various forms of highly disordered carbon grains may exist, none would satisfy the physical properties necessary to explain both polarization and extinction simultaneously.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bernal, J. D.: 1924,Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 106, 749.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cayrel, P. and Schatzman, E.: 1954,Ann. Astrophys. 17, 555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J. T. and Fox, B. R.: 1967,J. Chem. Phys. 46, 827.

    Google Scholar 

  • Czyzak, S. J., Craig, D. J., McCain, C. E., and Reynolds, D. C.: 1952,J. App. Phys. 23, 932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donn, B.: 1968,Astrophys. J. 152, L129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donn, B., Stecher, T. P., Wickramasinghe, D. C., and Williams, D. A.: 1966,Astrophys. J. 145, 949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donn, B., Wickramasinghe, D. C., Hudson, J. P., and Stecher, T. P.: 1968,Astrophys. J. 153, 451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donn, B. and Krishna Swamy, K. S.: 1969,Physica 41, 144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donn, B., Hodge, R. C., and Mentall, J. E.: 1968,Astrophys. J. 154, 135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elbaum, E. and Chambers, B.: 1955,Can. J. Phys. 33, 196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ergun, S.: 1972, private communication.

  • Ergun, S. and McCartney, J. T.: 1963,Proc. 5th Carbon Conference 2, 167, (The Macmillan Co., New York, ed. by S. Mrozowski, M. L. Studebaker, and P. L. Walker, Jr.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, G. B.: 1969,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 144, 411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fix, J. D.: 1969a,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 146, 37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fix, J. D.: 1969b,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 146, 51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, R. C.: 1969,Astrophys. J. 155, L185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilra, D. P.: 1971,Nature 229, 237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J. M.: 1968, in L. H. Aller and B. Middlehurst (eds.),Nebulae and Interstellar Medium 7, 221, Univ. of Chicago Press.

  • Greenberg, J. M.: 1969,Physica 41, 67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, L. C., Reynolds, D. C., Czyzak, S. J., and Baker, W. M.: 1958,J. Chem. Phys. 29, 1375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenstein, J. L.: 1938, Harvard Obs, Circular No. 422.

  • Hall, J. S.: 1949,Science 109, 166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiltner, W. A.: 1949a,Science 109, 165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiltner, W. A.: 1949b,Astrophys. J. 109, 471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiltner, W. A.: 1951,Astrophys. J. 114, 241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirth, J. P. and Pound, G. M.: 1963,Condensation and Evaporation, Pergamon Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirth, J. P., Meyrick, G., Roark, T., and Tabak, R.: 1973, Private Communication.

  • Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N. C.: 1962,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 124, 417

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N. C.: 1968,Nature 217, 415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N. C.: 1968,Nature 218, 1126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laudise, R. A.: 1970,Growth of Single Crystals, Prentice Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefèvre, J.: 1967,Ann. Astrophys. 30, 731.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefèvre, J.: 1970,Astron. Astrophys. 5, 37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lothe, J. and Pound, G. M.: 1962,J. Chem. Phys. 39, 2050.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynds, B. T. and Wickramasinghe, N. C.: 1968,Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 6, 215, ed. by L. Goldberg, D. Layzer and J. G. Phillips (Annual Reviews Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishna Swamy, K. S. and Wickramasinghe, N. C.: 1968,Nature 217 1236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishna Swamy, K. S. and Wickramasinghe, N. C.: 1968,Nature 220, 896.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, A. W., Ubbelohde, H. R., and Young, D. A.: 1964,Proc. Roy. Soc. London A280, 153.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCartney, J. T. and Ergun, S.: 1957,Proc. 3rd Carbon Conference 1, 223 (Pergamon Press, New York; ed. by S. Mrozowski, M. L. Studebaker, and M. L. Walker, Jr.)

    Google Scholar 

  • McClure, J. W.: 1956,Phys. Rev. 104, 666.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClure, J. W.: 1960,Phys. Rev. 119, 606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newkirk, J. B.: 1956,Acta Met. 4, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noda, T.: 1969,J. de Chemie Physique et de Physico-Chemie Biologique, Numero Special.

  • Oort, J. H. and Hulst, H. C. van de: 1946,Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth. 10, 187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacault, A., Marchand, A., Gasparoux, H., Arndrois, S., and Rouillon, J. C.: 1969,J. de Chemie Physique et de Physico- Chemie Biologique, Numero Special.

  • Palmer, A. B. and Cullis, C. F.: 1965, in P. L. Walker, Jr. (ed.),Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parshis, L. A., Walker, J. L., and Glioppi, M. S. X.: 1972,Ann. Rev. Mat. Sci. 2, 181; Annual Reviews Inc., Palo Alto, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Platt, J. R.: 1956,Astrophys. J. 123, 486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Platt, J. R. and Donn, B.: 1956,Astron. J. 61, 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinnick, H. T.: 1954,Phys. Rev. 94, 319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purcell, E. M.: 1969,Physica 41, 100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, D. C.: 1963, in J. J. Gilman (ed.),The Art and Science of Growing Crystals, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, D. C. and Czyzak, S. J.: 1950,Phys. Rev. 79, 543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, D. C., Litton, C. W., Noss, D. W., and Johnson, D. E.: 1972,Proc. of the Science and Engineering Symposium, U.S. Air Force Systems Command, Aerospace Research Laboratory WPAFB, Ohio.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santiago, J. J.: 1971a, Thesis, Ph. D., Pennsylvania State Univ.

  • Santiago, J. J.: 1971b,Proc. 10th Carbon Conference, Defense, Ceramic Information Center (Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio).

    Google Scholar 

  • Santiago, J. J., Walker, P. L., Jr., and Mulay, L.: 1973,Proc. 18th Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, AIP, ed. by C. D. Graham and J. J. Rhyne (in press),271.

  • Schalén, C.: 1936,Medd. Uppsala Astron. Obs. 64.

  • Soule, D. E. and Nezbeds, C. W.: 1963, Research Memorandum NRM-99, Union Carbide Company.

  • Stecker, T. and Donn, B.: 1965,Astrophys. J. 142, 168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuji, T.: 1964,Ann. Tokyo Astron. Obs. 9, No. 1.

  • Tsuji, T.: 1965,Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 17, 152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma, A. R.: 1963,Crystal Growth and Dislocations, Butterworth Scientific Publication.

  • Walker, P. L., Jr.: 1962,Am. Scientist 50, 259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, P. L., Jr.: 1971,Proc. 10th Carbon Conference Defense Ceramic Information Center (Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wayman, C. M.: 1971,Ann. Rev. Mat. Sci. 1, 185, Annual Reviews, Inc., Palo Alto, California, ed. by R. A. Huggins, R. H. Bube, and R. W. Roberts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickramasinghe, N. C. and Guillaume, C.: 1965,Nature 207, 366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickramasinghe, N. C., Garton, B., and Stecher, T. P.: 1966,Astrophys. J. 146, 390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickramasinghe, N. C., Donn, B., Stecher, T. P., and Williams, D. A.: 1966,Nature 212, 167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickramasinghe, N. C.: 1968,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 140, 273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickramasinghe, N. C. and Nandy, K.: 1972,Rep. Prog. Phys. 35, 157.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Perkins Observ., The Ohio State and Ohio Wesleyan Universities, Delaware, Ohio, USA

    S. J. Czyzak

  2. Aerospace Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA

    J. J. Santiago

Authors
  1. S. J. Czyzak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. J. Santiago
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Czyzak, S.J., Santiago, J.J. On the presence of graphite in the interstellar medium. Astrophys Space Sci 23, 443–458 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00645171

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00645171

Keywords

Search

Navigation