Abstract
In this paper we present the results of a simplified model to determine the flux emerging from dust envelopes around cool stars. The model proposed holds under the hypotheses of negligible scattering effects and spherical geometry of the dust cloud.
The aim of this work is to compare the effects of a graphitic or amorphous composition of the carbon grains in the envelopes. To do this we have used, for the first time, experimental extinction data obtained in the laboratory for submicron amorphous carbon particles.
The model has been used to fit the FIR spectral trend of 78 optically thin sources and to reproduce the full spectra of two of the most IR luminous optically-thick sources: CIT 6 and IRC+10216.
Our calculations indicate clearly that solid carbon particles around these sources may be amorphous rather than crystalline.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Apruzese, J. P.: 1976,Astrophys. J. 207, 799.
Becklin, E. E., Frogel, J. A., Hyland, A. R., Kristian, J., and Neugebauer, G.: 1969,Astrophys. J. 158, L133.
Bergeat, J., Lunel, M., Sibille, F., and Lefevre, J.: 1976,Astron. Astrophys. 52, 263.
Bergeat, J., Sibille, F., and Lunel, M.: 1978,Astron. Astrophys. 64, 423.
Borghesi, A., Bussoletti, E., Colangeli, L., Minafra, A., and Rubini, F.: 1983,Infrared Phys. 23, 85.
Borghesi, A., Bussoletti, E., and Colangeli, L.: 1985,Astron. Astrophys. 142, 225.
Bussoletti, E., Borghesi, A., Colangeli, L. and Orofino, V.: 1987,Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Series 70, 257.
Campbell, M. F., Elias, J. H., Gezari, D. Y., Harvey, P. M., Hoffmann, W. F., Hudson, H. S., Neugebauer, G., Soifer, B. T., Werner, M. W., and Westbrook, W. E.: 1976,Astrophys. J. 208, 396.
Chlewicki, G. C.: 1985, Ph.D. Thesis, Leiden, Holland.
Cohen, M.: 1979,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 186, 837.
Cohen, M. and Schmidt, G. D.: 1982,Astrophys. J. 259, 693.
Czyzak, S. J. and Santiago, J. J.: 1973,Astrophys. Space Sci. 23, 443.
Czyzak, S. J., Hirth, J. P., and Tabak, R. G.: 1982,Vistas Astron. 25, 337.
Donn, B., Hecht, J., Khanna, R., Nuth, J., Stranz, D., and Anderson, A. B.: 1981,Surface Sci. 106, 576.
Draine, B. T. and Lee, H. M.: 1984,Astrophys. J. 285, 89.
Fazio, G. G., McBreen, B., and Stier, M. T.: 1980,Astrophys. J. 237, L39.
Finn, G. D. and Simon, T.: 1977,Astrophys. J. 212, 472.
Greenberg, J. M. and Chlewicki, G.: 1983,Astrophys. J. 272, 563.
Hackwell, J. A.: 1971, Ph.D. Thesis, University College, London, England.
Hecht, J. H., Holm, A. V., Donn, B., and Wu, C. C.: 1984,Astrophys. J. 280, 228.
Herbig, G. H. and Zappala, R. R.: 1970,Astrophy. J. 162, L15.
Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N. C.: 1962,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 124, 417.
Huang, S. S.: 1969,Astrophys. J. 157, 843.
Jones, T. W. and Merrill, K. M.: 1976,Astrophys. J. 209, 509.
Jura, M.: 1985, in J. A. Nuth and R. E. Stancel (eds.),Interrelationships Among Circumstellar, Interstellar and Interplanetary Dust, NASA CP-2403, pp. 3–17.
Jura, M.: 1986,Astrophys. J. 303, 327.
Knapp, G. R. and Morris, M.: 1985,Astrophys. J. 292, 640.
Kuiper, T. B. H., Knapp, G. R., Knapp, S. L., and Brown, R. L.: 1976,Astrophys. J. 204, 408.
Leung, C. M.: 1975,Astrophys. J. 199, 304.
Mathis, J. S., Rumpl, W., and Nordsieck, K. H.: 1977,Astrophys. J. 217, 425.
Miller, J. S.: 1970,Astrophys. J. 161, L95.
Mitchell, R. M. and Robinson, G.: 1980,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 190, 669.
Rowan-Robinson, M.: 1980,Astrophys. J. Suppl. 44, 403.
Rowan-Robinson, M. and Harris, S.: 1983,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 202, 797.
Scoville, N. Z. and Kwann, J.: 1976,Astrophys. J. 206, 718.
Sopka, R. J., Hildebrand, R., Jaffe, D. T., Gatley, I., Roelling, T., Werner, M., Jura, M., and Zuckerman, B.: 1985,Astrophys. J. 294, 242.
Strecker, D. W. and Ney, E. P.: 1974,Astron. J. 79, 1410.
Sutton, E. C., Betz, A. L., Storey, J. W. V., and Spears, D. L.: 1979,Astrophys. J. 230, L105.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Orofino, V., Colangeli, L., Bussoletti, E. et al. Amorphous carbon around carbon stars. Astrophys Space Sci 138, 127–140 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00642871
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00642871