Abstract
Using the well-known relation for the mean surface brightness, the author gives the concept of the decision regarding the expansion of the Universe. The most serious obstacle on this way was the low precision of parameter measurements which one could achieve in the past. This paper brings the first step for eventual judgement if the Universe expand or not because the accuracy of measurements has advanced. In this sence, we need some more determinations with present accuracy to give the decisive result because the mean surface brightness must faint by 1.46 mag per square arc sec for red shift of 0.4, and this is sufficient to measure and statistically elaborate it.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aaronson, M., Huchra, J., Mould, J., Tully, R. B., Fisher, J. R., van Woerden, H., Goss, W. M., Chamaraux, P., Mebold, U., Siegman, B., and Persson, S. E.: 1982,Astrophys. J. Suppl. 50, 241.
Ables, H. D.: 1971,Publ. U.S. Naval Obs. 20, Part IV. 1.
Ables, H. D. and Ables, P. G.: 1977,Astrophys. J., Suppl. 34, 245.
Arakelian, M. A.: 1974,Astrofizika 10, 507.
Auman, J. R., Fahlman, G. G., and Hickson, P.: 1986,Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 98, 1213.
Baiesi-Pillastrini, G. C. and Palumbo, G. G. C.: 1986,Astron. Astrophys. 163, 1.
Balkowski, C.: 1973,Astron. Astrophys. 29, 43.
Binggeli, B., Sandage, A., and Tarenghi, A.: 1984,Astron. J. 89, 64.
Blanco, V. M. and Heathcote, S.: 1986,Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 98, 635.
Boroson, T. A.: 1981,Astrophys. J. Suppl. 46, 177.
Bothun, G. D., Beers, T. C., Mould, J. R., and Huchra, J. P.: 1985,Astron. J. 90, 2487.
Bottinelli, L., Gouguenheim, L., and Paturel, G.: 1982,Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 47, 171.
Bottinelli, L., Gouguenheim, L., and de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1983,Astron. Astrophys. 118, 4.
Bottinelli, L., Gouguenheim, L., Paturel, g., and de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1985,Astrophys. J. Suppl. 59, 293.
Burstein, D. and Heiles, C.: 1984,Astrophys. J. Suppl. 54, 33.
Caldwell, J. A. R. and Coulson, I. M.: 1985,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 212, 879.
Caldwell, J. A. R. and Coulson, I. M.: 1986,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 218, 223.
Christian, C. A. and Schommer, R. A.: 1987,Astron. J. 93, 557.
Cottrell, G. A.: 1976,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 177, 463.
De Jong, M. L.: 1967,Astrophys. J. 150, 1.
De Sitter, W.: 1917,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 78, 3.
De Vaucouleurs, G.: 1958,Astrophys. J. 128, 465.
De Vaucouleurs, G.: 1959a,Astron. J. 64, 397.
De Vaucouleurs, G.: 1959b,Astrophys. J. 130, 728.
De Vaucouleurs, G.: 1960,Astrophys. J. 131, 574.
De Vaucouleurs, G.: 1961,Astrophys. J. Suppl. 5, 233.
De Vaucouleurs, G.: 1977,Astrophys. J. Suppl 33, 211.
De Vaucouleurs, G.: 1978a,Astrophys. J. 223, 730.
De Vaucouleurs, G.: 1978b,Astrophys. J. 224, 14.
De Vaucouleurs, G.: 1978c,Astrophys. J. 224, 710.
De Vaucouleurs, G. and Davoust, E.: 1980,Astrophys. J. 239, 783.
De Vaucouleurs, G. and Page, J.: 1962,Astrophys. J. 136, 107.
De Vaucouleurs, G., de Vaucouleurs, A., and Buta, R.: 1981,Astron. J. 86, 1429.
De Vaucouleurs, G., de Vaucouleurs, A., and Buta, R.: 1983,Astron. J. 88, 765.
De Vaucouleurs, G., de Vaucouleurs, A., and Corwin, H. G.: 1976,Second Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies, University of Texas Press, Austin.
Disney, M. J. and Phillipps, S.: 1983,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 205, 1253.
Disney, M. J. and Phillipps, S.: 1985,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 216, 53.
Dreyer, J. L. E.: 1888,Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. 49, Part I, 1.
Dreyer, J. L. E.: 1908,Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. 59, Part II, 105.
Einstein, A.: 1917,Sitzungsber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., p. 142.
Elsässer, H.: 1958,Z. Astrophys. 45, 24.
Elsässer, H.: 1959,Z. Astrophys. 47, 1.
Epstein, E. E.: 1964,Astron. J. 69, 490.
Fabbiano, G. and Trinchieri, G.: 1985,Astrophys. J. 296, 430.
Faber, S. M. and Gallagher, J. S.: 1979,Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 17, 135.
Fisher, J. R. and Tully, R. B.: 1975,Astron. Astrophys. 44, 151.
Fisher, J. R. and Tully, R. B.: 1979,Astron J. 84, 62.
Freedman, W., Grieve, G. R., and Madore, B.: 1985,Astrophys. J. Suppl. 59, 311.
Freeman, K. C.: 1970,Astrophys. J. 160, 811.
Freeman, K. C.: 1978, ‘Structure and Properties of Nearby Galaxies’, in E. M. Berkhuijsen and R. Wielebinski (eds.),IAU Symp. 77, 3, 7.
Grosbøl, P. J.: 1985,Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 60, 261.
Haarala, S. and Teerikorpi, P.: 1986,Astrophys. Space Sci. 122, 163.
Heidmann, J.: 1967,Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris. 265, Ser. B. 866.
Heidmann, J.: 1969,Astrophys. Letters 3, 19.
Heidmann, J., Heidmann, N., and de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1971,Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. 75, 85.
Hitchcock, J. L. and Hodge, P. W.: 1968,Astrophys. J. 152, 1067.
Hodge, P. W.: 1967,Astrophys. J. 148, 719.
Hodge, P. W.: 1978,Astrophys. J. Suppl. 37, 145.
Holmberg, E.: 1957,Medd. Lunds. Obs. 2, No. 136, 3.
Holmberg, E.: 1964,Uppsala Astron. Obs. Medd., No., 148, 388.
Holmberg, E.: 1975, in A. Sandage, M. Sandage, and J. Kristian (eds),Stars and Stellar Systems IX, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 123.
Hubble, E.: 1929,Proc. U.S. Nat. Acad. Sci. 15, 168.
Hubble, E.: 1936,The Realm of the Nebulae, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Huchra, J., Davis, M., Latham, D., and Tonry, J.: 1983,Astrophys. J. Suppl. 52, 89.
Karachentsev, I. D., Karachentseva, V. E., and Shcherbanovskii, A. L.: 1985,Astrofiz. Issled. — Izv. Spets. Astrofiz. Obs. 19, 3 (translation inBull. Spec. Astrophys. Obs. 19, 3).
Kennicut, R. C.: 1982,Astron. J. 87, 255.
Kent, S. M.: 1984,Astrophys. J. Suppl. 56, 105.
Kodaira, K., Okamura, S., and Watanabe, M.: 1983,Astrophys. J. 274, L49.
Kormendy, J.: 1977,Astrophys. J. 218, 333.
Kraan-Korteweg, R. C. and Tammann, G. A.: 1979,Astron. Nachr. 300, 181.
Kristian, J. and Sachs, R. K.: 1966,Astrophys. J. 143, 379.
Lari, C., Vettolani, G., and Zamorani, G.: 1978,Astron. Astrophys. 69, 271.
Longmore, A. J., Harwarden, T. G., Goss, W. M., Mebolt, U., and Webster, B. L.: 1982,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. soc. 200, 325.
Madore, B. F.: 1976,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 177, 157.
Matthews, T. A., Morgan, W. W., and Schmidt, M.: 1964,Astrophys. J. 140, 35.
Messier, Ch.: 1781, inCatalogue ‘Connaissance des Temps 1783’, Acad. R. des Science, Paris.
Michard, R.: 1979,Astron. Astrophys. 74, 206.
Moss, C. and de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1986,Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 98, 1286.
Nilson, P.: 1973,Ann. Uppsala Astron. Obs. 6, 1.
Okamura, S., Kodaira, K., and Watanabe, M.: 1984,Astrophys. J. 280, 7.
Okamura, S., Takase, B., and Kodaira, K.: 1977Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 29, 567.
Oke, J. B.: 1962, in G. C. McVittie (ed.),Problems of Extragalactic Research, Macmillan Co., New York, p. 34.
Oke, J. B. and Sandage, A. R.: 1968,Astrophys. J. 154, 21.
Peterson, B. M., Strom, S. E., and Strom, K. M.: 1970,Astron. J. 84, 735.
Phillips, S. and Disney, M.: 1986,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 221, 1039.
Robertson, H. P.: 1933,Rev. Mod. Phys. 5, 62.
Robertson, H. P.: 1938,Z. Astrophys. 15, 69.
Rogstad, D. H., Rougoor, G. W., and Whiteoak, J. B.: 1967,Astrophys. J. 150, 9.
Romanishin, W., Strom, K. M., and Strom, S. E.: 1983,Astrophys. J. Suppl. 53, 105.
Sandage, A. R.: 1961a,Astrophys. J. 133, 355.
Sandage, A. R.: 1961b,The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington.
Sandage, A. R.: 1962, ‘Problems of Extragalactic Research’, in G. C. McVittie (ed.),IAU Symp. 15, 361.
Sandage, A. R.: 1983, ‘Internal Kinematics and Dynamics of Galaxies’, in E. Athanasoula (ed.),IAU Symp. 100, 367.
Sandage, A. R.: 1986,Astron. J. 91, 496, 669.
Sandage, A. R. and Tammann, G. A.: 1974a,Astrophys. J. 190, 525.
Sandage, A. R. and Tammann, G. A.: 1974b,Astrophys. J. 191, 603.
Sandage, A. R. and Tammann, G. A.: 1974c,Astrophys. J. 194, 223.
Sandage, A. R. and Tammann, G. A.: 1981,A Revised Shapley-Ames Catalog of Bright Galaxies, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington.
Schweizer, F.: 1976,Astrophys. J. Suppl. 31, 313.
Segal, I. E.: 1975,Proc. U.S. Nat. Acad. Sci. 72, 2473.
Segal, I. E.: 1985,Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 37, 499.
Sérsic, J. L.: 1980,Extragalactic Astronomy, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland.
Shapley, H. and Ames, A.: 1932,Ann. Astron. Obs. Harvard, Vol. 88, p. 43.
Shostak, G. S.: 1978,Astron. Astrophys. 68, 321.
Skillman, E. D. and Bothun, G. D.: 1986,Astron. Astrophys. 165, 45.
Souček, J.: 1983,Astrophys. Space Sci. 94, 319 (Paper I).
Souček, J.: 1986,Astrophys. Space Sci. 121, 161 (Paper II).
Souček, J.: 1987,Astrophys. Space Sci.,137, 347 (Paper III).
Stenning, M. and Hartwick, F. D. A.: 1980,Astron. J. 85, 101.
Stock, J. and Schücking, E.: 1957,Astron. J. 62, 98.
Tammann, G. and Sandage, A. R.: 1968,Astrophys. J. 151, 825.
Tammann, G. A. and Sandage, A. R.: 1983,Highlights of Astron. 6, 301.
Thonnard, N.: 1983, ‘Internal Kinematics and Dynamics of Galaxies’, in E. Athanassoula (ed.),IAU Symp. 100, 305.
Tolman, R. C.: 1930,Proc. U.S. Nat. Acad. Sci. 16, 511.
Van den Bergh, S.: 1959,Publ. David Dunlop Obs. II, Nos. 5 and 6.
Van den Bergh, S.: 1960a,Astrophys. J. 131, 215.
Van den Bergh, S.: 1960b,Publ. David Dunlop Obs. II, No.6, 159.
Van den Bergh, S.: 1966,Astron. J. 71, 922.
Van den Bergh, S.: 1968,J. Roy. Astron. Soc. Can. 62, 145, 219.
Van den Bergh, S.: 1974, ‘The Formation and Dynamics of Galaxies’, in J. R. Shakeshaft (ed.),IAU Symp. 58, 157.
Van den Bergh, S.: 1975, in A. Sandage, M. Sandage, and J. Kristian (eds.),Stars and Stellar Systems IX, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 509.
Van den Bergh, S.: 1980,Astrophys. J. 235, 1.
Van Woerden, H., van Driel, W., and Schwartz, U. J.: 1983, ‘Internal Kinematics and Dynamics of Galaxies’, in E. Athanassoula (ed.),IAU Symp. 100, 99.
Waldron, R. A.: 1985,Specul. Sci. Technol. 8, 315.
Walker, A. R.: 1987,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 224, 935.
Watanabe, M., Kodaira, K., and Okamura, S.: 1982,Astrophys. J. Suppl. 50, 1.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Souček, J. Mean surface brightness as a criterion for or against the expansion of the Universe. Astrophys Space Sci 141, 103–131 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00641918
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00641918