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Early and late effects of imprisonment in Nazi concentration camps

Conflicting interpretations in survivor research

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Summary

This paper explores some of the disagreements in the literature on prisoner behavior in the Nazi concentration camps. It also cites wide differences in the findings of early observers of imprisonment effects. Conflicting views of psychoanalysts on the “symptom-free interval” are noted. A high degree of agreement on the pattern of late effects known as the “CC syndrome”, is indicated. The paper reports that there is apparent acceptance of the limited evidence available that clinical records of survivors of Nazi persecution who lived in hiding but were not in camps also fit the “CC syndrome”. Studies are reviewed which suggest that a narrowly psychodynamic or neurobiological emphasis leads to defective interpretations. In this connection disagreements over the importance of the guilt factor (“existential”, “survival”, or “survivor guilt”) are examined. Finally, the paper considers some probable relationships between duration of CC experience, the factor of stress, and early and late sequelae of NCC experience.

Résumé

Ce travail étudie quelques-uns des désaccords existant dans la littérature sur le comportement des prisonniers des camps de concentration nazis. Il note aussi de grandes divergences dans les résultats d'observations antérieures sur les effets de la détention. Les vues divergentes des psychanalystes quant à «l'intervalle sans symptômes» sont relevées. Dans l'ensemble, les auteurs sont d'accord quant à la structure des effets tardifs connus sous le nom de «CC-syndrome». Le travail relève que les témoignages limités obtenus sont facilement acceptés et que les rapports cliniques des persécutés qui ont survécu en se cachant et non pas dans des camps correspondent également au «CC-syndrome». Des études sont discutées qui laissent supposer qu'une accentuation purement psychodynamique ou purement neurobiologique mène à des interprétations insuffisantes. A cet égard, les divergences sur l'importance du facteur de la culpabilité («existentielle», «culpabilité de survivre») sont examinées. Finalement, le travail considère quelques relations probables entre la durée de l'expérience en camp de concentration, le facteur du stress et les suites précoces ou tardives de la détention.

Zusammenfassung

Diese Arbeit geht einigen Meinungsverschiedenheiten innerhalb der Verhaltensbeschreibungen von Häftlingen nationalsozialistischer Konzentrationslager nach. Sie berichtet ferner weitgehende Unterschiede in den Ergebnissen von frühen Beobachtern der Auswirkungen von Gefangenschaft. Sich widersprechende Ansichten von Psychoanalytikern über das „symptomfreie Intervall“ werden aufgeführt. Es wird ein hoher Grad von Obereinstimmung hinsichtlich der Struktur von späten Auswirkungen, die als „CC-Syndrom“ bekannt wurden, verzeichnet. Es wird berichtet, daß die beschränkt erhältlichen Zeugenaussagen offensichtlich akzeptiert werden und daß die klinischen Berichte von diesen Verfolgten, die in Verstecken, aber nicht in Lagern überlebten, auch in das „CC-Syndrom“ hineinpassen. Es werden Untersuchungen besprochen, die vermuten lassen, daß eine rein psychodynamische oder rein neurobiologische Akzentuierung zu unzulänglichen Interpretationen führt. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Meinungsverschiedenheiten über die Bedeutsamkeit des Schuldfaktors („existentiell“, „Überleben“ oder „Überlebensschuld“) untersucht. Schließlich zieht die Arbeit einige wahrscheinliche Beziehungen zwischen der Dauer der CC-Erfahrung, dem Streßfaktor und frühen oder späteren Folgeerscheinungen der NCC-Erfahrung in Betracht.

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This paper was prepared with the support of Grant No. 4040, Penrose Fund, American Philosophical Society. It is a revised version of one that was presented at the VIth World Congress of Sociology at Evian, France, September 1966.

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Luchterhand, E. Early and late effects of imprisonment in Nazi concentration camps. Soc Psychiatry 5, 102–110 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00594722

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