Abstract
Ventilatory responses to stimulation of chemoreceptor afferents were studied in the anesthetized, spontaneously breathing cat. Short bursts of electrical stimuli were applied, at various times in the inspiratory or expiratory phase of consecutive breaths, to the carotid sinus (CSN) and aortic nerves (AN) and to the ventral medulla (VM), and effects on tidal volume (V T), inspiratory, expiratory and cycle durationst I,t E,t tot) and in ventilation (E) were measured. The responses evoked by stimulating CSN, AN and VM were qualitatively the same, although there were quantitative differences. It was found that effects of stimulation in expiration were restricted to the expiratory phase, and vice versa for inspiration. Stimulation during both inspiration and expiration resulted in increasedV T, by increasing end-inspiratory or decreasing end-expiratory lung volume, respectively, and also increased ventilation, E. These effects were most marked in response to stimulation in inspiration. During both phases there was an increasing effect with increasing delay of the stimulus,t St, from onset of inspiration or expiration, respectively. There was a continuous increase int I, from below control to above control values, with increasingt St during inspiration and similarly fort E during expiration. Hence, the total respiratory cycle duration was shortened when a stimulus was applied early in either phase, and was prolonged, when it was applied late. The results show that stimulation of peripheral and of central chemoafferents exerts qualitatively similar effects on respiration. The central neuronal mechanisms generating both inspiration and expiration show the same changes in reactivity in the respiratory cycle.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Band DM, Wolff CB (1978) Respiratory oscillations in discharge frequency of chemoreceptor afferents in sinus nerve of anaesthetized cats at normal and low oxygen tensions. J Physiol 282:1–6
Band DM, Cameron IR, Semple SJG (1969a) Oscillations in arterial pH with breathing in cat. J Appl Physiol 26:261–267
Band DM, Cameron IR, Semple SJG (1969b) Effect of different methods of CO2 administration on oscillations of arterial pH in the cat. J Appl Physiol 26:268–273
Band DM, Cameron IR, Semple SJG (1970) The effect on respiration of abrupt changes in carotid artery pH andP CO 2 in the cat. J Physiol 211:479–494
Bernards F, Sistermann JF (1969) Transient changes in lung ventilation by brief stimulation of the carotid bodies in the dog. Acta Physiol Pharmac neerl 15:28–29
Biscoe TJ, Purves MJ (1967) Observations on the rhythmic variation in the cat carotid body chemoreceptors activity which has the same period as respiration. J Physiol 190:389–412
Biscoe TJ, Purves MJ, Sampson SR (1970) The frequency of nerve impulses, in single carotid body chemoreceptor afferent fibres recorded in vivo with intact circulation. J Physiol 208:121–131
Black AMS, Torrance RW (1971) Respiratory oscillations in chemoreceptor discharge in the control of breathing. Respir Physiol 13:221–237
Chochrane, GM, Newstead CG, Nowell RV, Openshaw P, Wolff CB (1982) The rate of rise of alveolar carbon dioxide pressure during expiration, in man. J Physiol 333:17–27
Dubois AB, Britt AG, Fenn WO (1952) Alveolar CO2 during the respiratory cycle. J Appl Physiol 4:535–548
Eldridge FL (1972a) The importance of timing on the respiratory effects of intermittent carotid sinus nerve stimulation. J Physiol 222:297–318
Eldridge FL (1972b) The importance of timing on the respiratory effects of intermittent carotid body chemoreceptor stimulation. J Physiol 222:319–333
Eldridge FL (1976) Expiratory effects of brief carotid sinus nerve and carotid body stimulation. Respir Physiol 26:395–410
Euler von C, Trippenbach T (1976) Excitability changes of the inspiratory ‘off-switch’ mechanism, tested by electrical stimulation in nucleus parabrachialis in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 97:175–188
Goodman NW, Nail BS, Torrance RW (1974) Oscillations in the discharge of single carotid chemoreceptor fibres of the cat. Respir Physiol 20:251–269
Hornbein TF (1965) Effect of respiratory oscillations ofP O 2 andP CO 2 on carotid, chemoreceptor activity and phrenic nerve activity. Physiologist 8:197
Howard P, Bromberger-Barnea B, Fitzgerald RS, Bane HN (1969) Ventilatory responses to peripheral nerve stimulation at different times in the respiratory cycle. Respir Physiol 7:389–398
Iscoe S, Polosa C (1976) Synchronisation of respiratory frequency by somatic afferent stimulation. J Physiol 40:138–148
Iscoe S, Feldman JL, Cohen MI (1979) Properties of inspiratory termination by superior laryngeal and vagal stimulation. Respir Physiol 36:353–366
Krogh A, Linhard J (1914) In the average composition of the alveolar air and its variations, during the respiratory cycle. J Physiol 47:431–445
Larrabee MG, Hodes R (1948) Cyclic changes in the respiratory centres, revealed by the effects of afferent impulses. Am J Physiol 155:147–164
Loeschcke HH (1982) Central, chemosensitivity and the reaction theory. J Physiol 332:1–24
Marek W, Loeschcke HH (1977) Respiratory responses to electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves during different phases of the respiratory cycle. Proc Int Un Physiol Sc XIII 478
Marek W, Prabhakar NR, Loeschcke HH (1978) Respiratory responses to electrical stimulation of chemosensory afferents in different phases of the respiratory cycle. Pflügers Arch 373:R75
Marek W, Mikulski A, Prabhakar NR (1981) Atemzyklische Empfindlichkeitsschwankungen des Reglers Atmung, bei Stimulation von chemosensiblen und laryngealen Afferenzen. Atemwegs- und Lungenkrankheiten 7:139–144
Marek W, Prabhakar NR (1985) Electrical stimulation of arterial and central chemosensory afferents at different times in the respiratory cycle of the cat. II. Responses of respiratory muscles and their motor nerves. Pflügers Arch 403:422–428
Nye PCG, Hanson MA, Torrance RW (1981) The effect on breathing of abruptly stopping carotid body discharge. Respir Physiol 46:309–326
Nye PCG, Hanson MA, Torrance RW (1983) The effect on breathing of abruptly reducing the discharge of central chemoreceptors. Respir Physiol 51:109–118
Plaas-Link A, Loeschcke HH (1983) The response characteristic of peripheral chemoreceptors and their physioløgical relevance. In: Schläfke ME, Koepchen HP, See WR (eds) Central neurone environment. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York
Purves MJ (1966) Fluctuations of arterial oxygen tension which have the same period as respiration. Respir Physiol 1:282–296
Schläfke ME (1981) Central chemosensitivity: A respiratory drive. Rev Biochem Pharmacol 90:172–244
Trouth CO, Loeschcke HH, Berndt J (1973) Topography of the respiratory responses to electrical stimulation in the medulla oblongata. Pflügers Arch 339:153–170
Wolff CB (1983) Respiratory oscillations in health and disease. In: Pallot DJ (ed) Control of respiration. London, pp 222–275
Yamamoto WS (1960) Mathematical analysis of the time course of alveolar CO2. J Appl Physiol 15:215–219
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, SFB 114 “Bionach”
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Marek, W., Prabhakar, N.R. & Loeschcke, H.H. Electrical stimulation of arterial and central chemosensory afferents at different times in the respiratory cycle of the cat: I. Ventilatory responses. Pflugers Arch. 403, 415–421 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00589255
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00589255