Summary
The effects are examined of two varieties of non-response bias (that due to “illness” and that due to “defensiveness”, as defined in this paper) on two-stage screening surveys for psychiatric disorder. Equations to model these effects are first derived; these are then used, in conjunction with pre-existing data, to estimate the sixe of the non-response bias. It is concluded (a) that “bias due to illness” results in prevalence estimates being some 5% lower than the true prevalence; (b) that specificity is little affected by either variety of bias; but that (c) “bias due to defensiveness” results in the sensitivity being overestimated by about 6%.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Blum RH (1962) Case identification in psychiatric epidemiology: methods and problems. Milbank Mem Fund Q 40: 253–288
Burstein L, Freeman H, Sirotnik KA, Delandshire G, Hollis M (1985) Data collection: the Achilles heel of evaluation research. Sociological Methods and Research 14: 65–80
Clark VA, Aneshensel CS, Frerichs RR, Morgan TM (1983) Analysis of non-response in a prospective study of depression in Los Angeles county. Int J Epidemiol 12: 193–198
Cox A, Rutter M, Yule B, Quinton D (1977) Bias resulting from missing information: some epidemiological findings. Br J Prev Soc Med 31: 131–136
Eastwood MR (1971) Screening for psychiatric disorder. Psychol Med 1: 197–208
Goldberg D (1978) Manual of the General Health Questionnaire. NFER, Windsor
Goldberg D (1981) Estimating the prevalence of psychiatric disorder from the results of a screening test. In: Wing JK, Bebbington P, Robins L (eds) What is a case? The problem of definition in psychiatric community surveys. Grant McIntyre London, 129–136
Goldberg D, Huxley P (1980) Mental illness in the community: the pathway to psychiatric care. Tavistock Press, London
Heberlein TA, Baumgartner R (1978) Factors affecting response rates to mailed questionnaires: a quantitative analysis of the published literature. Am Sociol Rev 43: 447–462
Jenkins R, Macdonald A, Murray J, Strathdee G (1982) Minor psychiatric morbidity and the threat of redundancy in a professional group. Psychol Med 12: 799–807
Mari J, Williams P (1986) Misclassification by psychiatric screening questionnaires. J Chronic Dis (in press)
Sackett DL (1979) Bias in analytic research. J Chronic Dis 32: 51–63
Sheikh K, Mattingly S (1981) Investigating non-response bias in mail surveys. J Epidemiol Community Health 35: 293–296
Williams P, Tarnopolsky A, Hand D (1980) Case definition and case identification in psychiatric epidemiology: review and assessment. Psychol Med 10: 101–114
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Williams, P., Macdonald, A. The effect of non-response bias on the results of two-stage screening surveys of psychiatric disorder. Soc Psychiatry 21, 182–186 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00583998
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00583998