Skip to main content
Log in

The reflection of acculturation in psychiatric symptomatology: a study of an Israeli child guidance clinic population

  • Originals
  • Published:
Social psychiatry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Within a pool of Israeli child guidance clinic cases, discrete psychiatric symptoms and more inclusive symptom groupings were investigated in subgroups based on children's and their parents' birthplaces. In particular, Israeli children born in Europe were compared with their peers of the same sex and parentage born in Israel. A set of analogous comparisons was completed with children of Afro-Asian descent. Two predictions were formulated and tested: 1. Patients of European birth would predominantly manifest symptoms expressed through thought and directed against self, as compared with children of European parentage and Israeli birth, and 2. Patients born in Afro-Asian countries would exhibit a predominance of symptoms channeled into action and directed against others, as compared with Israeli-born children of comparable ethnic extraction. Partial support was obtained for the first prediction in that European-born boys exceeded Israeli-born boys of European-parentage in the category of thought symptoms. Contrary to the same prediction, the role of turning against self failed to differentiate these two groups. No support for the second prediction emerged upon the comparison of Israeli-born and foreign-born children of Afro-Asian extraction. Upon integrating these findings with several additional, but not predicted, intergroup differences in categories and discrete manifestations of symptomatology the conclusion was reached that both European and AfroAsian groups born in Israel were showing tendencies toward deemphasis on thought and turning against others and toward emphasis en affect expression. The Afro-Asian subjects, however, were exhibiting these trends to a weaker degree. The differences between native and foreign-born groups from the two regions of descent were tentatively explained as approximations, on the plane of psychopathology, the characteristics of pragmatism, acceptance of responsibility, and spontaneity that are fostered in the contemporary Israeli culture.

Résumé

On a étudié des symptômes isolés aussi que leurs groupements inclusifs dans le cadre d'une clinique pédo-psychiatrique en Israël. Il s'agissait d'une comparaison de groupes les sujets identiques quant au sexe at à la région de provénance, mais différents quant au lieu de naissance. A partir de ce principe, on a comparé des enfants nés en Europe avec des enfants nés an Israël des parents d'origine europêene. Des comparaisons anologues ont été exécutées avec des enfants de souche afro-asiatique. On a examiné deux hypothèses: 1. les sujets immigrés d'Europe montreront plus des symptômes exprimés au plan de la pensée et tournés contre soi par comparaison avec les sujets dont les parents ont immigré a Israël d'Europe, 2. les sujets nés en Asie ou en Afrique tenderont aux symptômes exprimés par action et tournés contre l'autrui. Les résultats obtenus ont apporté du soutien à la première hypothèse puisqu'on a constaté un plus grand nombre des symptômes exprimés par action chez les garçons nés en Israël des parents européens que chez leurs homologues nés à l'étranger. Par contre, on n'a pas trouvé de différence entre ces deux groupes dans le nombre des symptômes tournés contre soi. Quant à la seconde hypothèse, celle qui se portait aux différences parmi les groupes d'origine afro-asiatique, aucune confirmation n'a été obtenue. Ces résultats aussi que des observations en dehors de nos deux hypothèses ont suggéré la conclusion selon laquelle les européens aussi que les afro-asiatiques nés en Israël tendent vers des symptômes affectifs en s' éloignant au même temps des symptômes exprimés au plan de la pensée et tournés contre l'autrui. Ces tendences se montraient d'une façon plus prononcée chez les européens que chez les afro-asiatiques. On a vu provisoirement dans ces tendences des transformations pathologiques du pragmatisme, du sens de la responsabilité et de la sponpanéité, trois qualités que la société d'Israël contemporain tâche explicitement à cultiver.

Zusammenfassung

Psychiatrische Einzelsymptome und umfassende Symptomgruppen wurden innerhalb einer psychiatrischen Kinderklinik in Israel untersucht. Vergleiche wurden aufgestellt zwischen Probandengruppen, die in Geschlecht und Abstammung gleich, in Geburtsort aber verschieden waren. Von diesem Grundsatz ausgehend, wurden in Europa geborene Kinder mit Kindern, die in Israel von Eltern europäischer Abstammung geboren sind, verglichen. Vergleiche ähnlicher Art wurden mit Kindern, die aus verschiedenen Ländern Afrikas und Asiens stammten, unternommen. Zwei Hypothesen wurden vorgeschlagen und zwar, daß: 1. aus Europa eingewanderte Probanden sich von Kindern gleicher Abstammung, die in Israel geboren sind, durch eine größere Anzahl von Symptomen, die durch Denktätigkeit ausgedrückt und gegen sich selbst gerichtet sind, unterscheiden, und 2. in Afrika und Asien geborene Kinder im Vergleich mit den in Israel geborenen Probanden aus gleichen Abstammungsländern ihre Pathologie durch Tat zum Ausdruck bringen, sowohl wie durch Symptome, die gegen Mitmenschen gerichtet sind. Die Ergebnisse stützten zum Teil die erste Hypothese, in dem es festgestellt wurde, daß die Knaben europäischer Abstammung, deren Geburtsort Israel war, sich gegenüber der im Ausland geborenen Gruppe europäischer Probanden durch eine größere Anzahl von Tatsymptomen gekennzeichnet waren. Der in der gleichen Hypothese vorgesehene Unterschied in der Zahl der gegen sich gewandten Symptome wurde aber nicht vorgefunden. Die zweite Hypothese, die sich auf die Merkmale der Probanden innerhalb der aus Asien und Afrika stammenden Gruppe bezog, mußte abgewiesen werden. Diese Ergebnisse sowohl wie mehrere zusätzliche Gruppenunterschiede, die nicht vorhergesehen waren, legten die Folgerung nahe, dergemäß sowohl die Europäer wie die Afro-Asiaten, die in Israel geboren sind, eine Neigung zu gefühlsmäßig ausgedrückten Symptomen und eine Abkehr von Symptomatologie durch Denktätigkeit und Agression gegen Mitmenschen zutage bringen. Diese Tendenzen waren aber unter den Europäern stärker ausgeprägt. In diesen Ergebnissen erblicken die Verfasser eine pathologische Verwandlung von Pragmatismus, Verantwortungsbereitschaft und Spontanäität, die tatsächlich drei in der derzeitigen Gesellschaft Israels geförderte und gepflegte Eigenschaften darstellen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abramson, J. H.: Emotional disorder, status inconsistency, and migration. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 44, 23–48 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Alliez, J., Mayaud, R.: Rôle de transplantation et de l'habitat dans les réactions psychopathologiques d'un groupe des repatriés de souche européene originaires de Tunésie. Ann. med. -psychol. 118, 918–923 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bagley, C.: Migration, race and mental health: A review of some recent research. Race 9, 343–356 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dayton, N. A.: New facts on mental disorders. Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Draguns, J. G., Knobel, M., Fundia, T. A. de, Broverman, I. K., Phillips, L.: Sintomatologia psiquiatrica y cultura: Investigación intercultural. Acta psiquiat. psicol. Amer. lat. 12, 77–83 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Draguns, J. G., Leaman, L., Rosenfeld, J. M.: Symptom expression in Christian and Buddhist hospitalized patients of Japanese descent in Hawaii. J. soc. Psychol. 85, 155–166 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Draguns, J. G., Nachshon, I., Broverman, I. K., & Phillips, L.: Ethnic differences in psychiatric symptomatology: A study of an Israeli Child Guidance Clinic population. Paper presented at the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston, April 1967.

  8. Draguns, J. G., Phillips, L., Broverman, I. K., & Caudill, W.: Social competence and psychiatric symptomatology in Japan: A crossedtural extension of earlier American findings. J. abnorm. Psychol. 75, 68–73 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Draguns, J. G., Phillips, L., Broverman, I. K., Caudill, W. Nishimae, S.: Symptomatology of hospitalized psychiatric patients in Japan and in the United States: A study of cultural differences. J. nerv. ment. Dis. 152, 3–16 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Eisenstadt, S. N.: The absorption of immigrants. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Eisenstadt, S. N.: Israeli Society. New York: Basic Books, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Fundia, T. A. de, Draguns, J. G., Phillips, L.: Cultural and psychiatric symptomatology: A comparison of Argentine and United States patients. Soc. Psychiat. 6, 11–19 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Halevi, H. S.: Progress in the national programs of epidemiology of mental disorders in Israel. Isr. Annal. Psychiat. rel. Disc. 3, 148–150 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hes, J. P.: From native healer to modern psychiatrist: Afro-Asian immigrants to Israel and their attitude toward psychiatric facilities. Isr. Annal. Psychiat. rel. Disc. 2, 192–208 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hoek, A., Moses, R., Terrespolsky, L.: Emotional disorders in an Israeli immigrant community: A comparison of prevalence among different ethnic groups. Isr. Annal. Psychiat. rel. Disc. 3, 213–228 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Katz, E., Zloczower, A.: Ethnic continuity in an Israeli town: I. Relations with parents. Hum. Relat. 14, 293–308 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Katz, E., Zloczower, A.: Ethnic continuity in an Israeli town: II. Relations with peers. Hum. Relat. 14, 309–327 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kino, F. F.: Refugee psychoses in Great Britain: Aliens' paranoid reaction. In: H. B. M. Murphy (Ed.) Flight and resettlement. Paris: UNESCO, 195–201 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Klausner, S. Z.: Immigrant absorption and social tension in Israel. A case study of Iraqi Jewish immigrant. Middle-East Journal 9, 281–294 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Klausner, S. Z.: Inferential visibility and sex norms in the Middle East. J. soc. Psychol. 63, 1–29 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Lancer, I.: Culture and psychopathology. Unpublished M. A. thesis. Bar Ilan University, Israel (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Landis, C., Page, J. D.: Modern society and mental disease. New York: Farrar & Rhinehart, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lerner, D.: The passing of traditional society. Glencoe: Free Press, (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Maller, O.: Suicide and migration. Isr. Annal. Psychiat. rel. Disc. 4, 67–77 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Malzberg, B.: Social and biological aspects of mental disease. Utica: State Hospital Press (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Mead, M.: Cultural patterns and technical change. New York: Mentor, (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Meszarosz, A. G.: Types of displacement reactions among the postrevolution Hungarian immigrants. Canad. psychiat. Ass. J. 6, 9–19 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Mezey, A. G.: Psychiatric aspects of human migrations. Internat. J. soc. Psychiat. 5, 245–260 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Miller, L.: Social change, acculturation and mental health in Israel. Isr. Ann. Psychiat. rel. Disc. 4, 1–15 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Moses, R., Shannan, J.: Psychiatric outpatient clinic: An analysis of a population sample. Arch. gen. Psychiat. 4, 60–73 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Murphy, H. B. M.: Social change and mental health. In: Milbank Memorial Fund. Causes of mental disorder: Review of epidemiological knowledge. New York: Milbank Memorial Fund, 280–340 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Murphy, H. B. M.: Migration and the major mental diseases. In: Mobility and mental health. Ed. M. B. Kantor. Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 5–29 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Palgi, P.: Immigrants, psychiatrists and culture. Isr. Ann. Psychiat. rel. Disc. 1, 43–58 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Phillips, L.: Failures of human adaptation. New York: Academic Press, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Phillips, L., Rabinovitch, M. S.: Social role and patterns of symptomatic behavior. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol. 47, 181–186 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ruesch, J., Jacobson, A., Loeb, M. B.: Acculturation and mental illness. Psychol. Monogr., 62, 1–40 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Saks, M. J., Edelstein, J., Draguns, J. G., Fundia, T. A. de.: Social class and social mobility in relation to psychiatric symptomatology in Argentina. Rev. Interamer. Psicol. 4, 105–121 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Sanua, V. D.: Immigration, migration, and mental illness: A review of the literature with special emphasis on schizophrenia. In: Behavior in new environments (1970).

  39. Seifert, J. A., Draguns, J. G., Caudill, W.: Role orientation, sphere dominance, and social competence as bases of psychiatric diagnosis in Japan: A replication and extension of American findings. J. abnorm. psychol. 78, 101–106 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Shuval, J. T.: Immigrants on the threshold. New York: Atherton Press (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Shuval, J. T.: Value orientations of immigrants to Israel. Sociometry 26, 247–259 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Skea, S., Draguns, J. G., Phillips, L.: Ethnic characteristics of psychiatric within and across regional groupings: A study of an Israeli child guidance clinic population. Isr. Ann. Psychiat. rel. Disc. 7, 31–42 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Tyhurst, L.: Psychosomatic and allied disorders. In: H. B. M. Murphy Ed. Flight and resettlement. Paris: UNESCO, 202–213 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Weinberg, A. A.: Psychosociology of the immigrant. Jerusalem: The Israel Institute of Folklore and Ethnology (1949).

  45. Weinberg, A. A.: Beayot psychohygieniyot behistaglutam skel olim hadashim (Psycho-hygiene problems in the adjustment of new immigrants). Harefuah 38, 1–2 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Weinberg, A. A.: Some aspects of immigration in Israel. Remp Bull., 3, 1–2 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Weinberg, A. A.: Mental health aspects of voluntary migration. Ment. Hyg. 39, 450–454 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Weinberg, A. A.: Histaglut olim l'or hapsihoanaliza (Adjustment of immigrants in the light of psychoanalysis). Ofakim, 10, 168–174 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Weinberg, A. A.: Migration and belonging. The Hague: Nijhoff (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Weingrod, A.: Israel: Group relations in a new country. New York: Praeger, (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Wijsenbeek, H.: Hakesher ben mahlot nefesh uven kevutsot ethnyot be-Israel (Correlation between psychiatric diagnosis and ethnical groups in Israel). Dapim refuiim 23, 2–5 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Yampey, N.: Expatriación y salud mental. Rev. paraguaya sociol. 1, 5–46 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Zigler, E. & Phillips, L.: Social effectiveness and symptomatic behaviors. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol. 61, 231–238 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Zigler, E. & Phillips, L.: Social competence and the process-reactive distinction in psychopathology. J. abnorm. soc. Psychol. 65, 215–222 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This research was supported by Dementia Praecox Research Project, Worcester State Hospital, and by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health, United States Public Health Service (M-6369). Collection of the data on which this report is based was also facilitated by a grant of the Ministry of Health of the State of Israel. This paper is based on a report presented at the Special Session on Psychiatric Symptomatology and Society at the Eleventh Interamerican Congress of Psychology, Mexico, D. F., December, 1967. Reprint requests are to be addressed to: Juris G. Draguns, Psychology Department, 333 Psychology Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, U.S.A.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nachshon, I., Draguns, J.G., Broverman, I.K. et al. The reflection of acculturation in psychiatric symptomatology: a study of an Israeli child guidance clinic population. Soc Psychiatry 7, 109–118 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00583986

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00583986

Keywords

Navigation