Skip to main content
Log in

Aspects of the ecology and productivity of some of the more arid regions of Southern and Eastern Africa

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Vegetatio Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

  1. 1-

    An explanation in terms of the growing threat of desiccation is given for including in a symposium ondeserts some of those regions in Southern and Eastern Africa that in reality aresub-desert, arid, sub-arid andmild-sub-arid.

  2. 2-

    For the regions selected brief notes are provided regarding natural setting, actual and potential productivity and threat of desiccation.

  3. 3-

    A concise account covers some of the principal ecological phenomena exhibited.

  4. 4-

    Productivity present and potential is discussed in relation to the exisiting and the future threat of desiccation.

  5. 5-

    In conclusion it is recommended that, despite frequent and recent representation to the various governments concerned of the seriousness of the advance of desiccation, continued stressing to the authorities that action — not promise of or verbal tribute to action — must be the responsibility of thosae conversant with the dangers facing those portions of the continent under review.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adamson, R. S., 1938 — Vegetation of South Africa.Br. Empire Veg. Committee Pub.

  • African Soils, (Sols Africains) 1951 — Interafrican Information Bureau for Soil Conservation & Land Utilisation, Paris.

  • Aubreville, A., 1949 — Climats, forêts et désertification de l'afrique tropicale, Paris; and various papers cited therein.

  • Bernard, E., 1945 — Le Climat Ecologique de la Cuvette Centrale Congoaise. Brussels.

  • Bisschop, J. H. R., 1938 — The relation between environment and animal breeding, with special reference to the breeding of cattle in the semi-arid regions of South Africa. 13th Internat. Vey. Congr., Zurich.

  • Bonsma, J. C. and A. J. Pretorius, 1943 — Influence of colour and coat cover on adaptability of cattle.Farming in S. Africa,18.

  • Bonsma, J. C. andA. J. Pretorius 1949 —Jour. Agric. Sci.,39.

  • Burtt, B. D., 1942 — Some East African vegetation communitiesJourn. Ecol.

  • Burtt, E., 1950 — The temperature of animals.E. Afr. Jour. Agric. 15.

  • Busse, W., 1900 — Zentrales Steppengebiet,in Vegetationsbilder Reihe V; Heft 7.

  • Busse, W., 1908 — Die periodische Grasbrande im tropischen Afrika, ihr Einfluss auf die Vegetation u. ihre Bedeutung fur die Landeskultur.Mitt. a.d. Deuts. Schutzgebieten,21, Heft 2; Berlin.

  • Cannon, W. A., 1924 — General and physiographical features of the vegetation of the more arid portions of South Africa, with notes on the climatic environment. Carnegie Inst., Wash.

    Google Scholar 

  • Champion, A. S., 1937 —Geogr. Jour. (re west and south-west of Lake Rudolf, Prov. of Turkana, Kenya).

  • Chevalier, A., 1900 — Les zones et les provinces botaniques de l'A.O.F.;C. R. Acad. sci.

  • Chevalier, A., 1909 — L'extension et la régression de la forêt vierge de l'Afrique tropicale,idem.

  • Chevalier, A., Various other papers on West and North Africa.

  • Codd, L. E. W., 1949 — The application of ecology to agricultural problems in South Africa,African Regional Scientific Conference, Oct. 1949: Vol.II.

  • — 1950 — Deserts developing the Transvaal,Farmer's Weekly (S. African), Vol.80: 33 (Dec. 20th).

    Google Scholar 

  • Colonial Development Corporation. Annual Report for year ended December 1951: No. 167. H.M.S.O.

  • Davies, D. A., 1951 —Nature 167, 614.

    Google Scholar 

  • — 1952, a — Artificial stimulation of Rain at Kongwa,Nature,169, 1001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, D. A., 1952, b — Artificial Stimulation of Rainfall,S. A. Jour. Sci. 49 (2).

  • Desert Encroachment Committee, 1951 — Report of: Govt. Printer, Pretoria.

  • Division of Soil Conservation and Extension, 1939 onward — Various Reports and special papers on Veld and Soil Deterioration.

  • Drought Investigation Commission, 1923 — Govt. Printer, Pretoria.

  • du Toit, A. L., 1926 — Report of the Kalahari Reconnaissance of 1925. Govt. Printer, Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • du Toit, A. L., 1938 — In Symposium on Conservation of Natural Resources in the Union of South Africa.S. Afr. Jour. inAfrican Science.

  • du Toit, M. S., 1951 — Cited inJour. Roy. Afric. Soc. 50: p. 290 ex Union of S. Africa Report to F.A.O.

  • Edwards, D. C., 1940 — A vegetation map of Kenya.Jour. Ecol. 28.

  • Edwards, D. C., 1942 — A Survey of the grazing areas of British Somaliland cited byGilliland 1951 to be inDept. Agric. records, Hargeisa.

  • Edwards, D. C., 1949 — Conservation of vegetation in East Africa,Bull. Congo Belg. XV (1) Compt. Rend. Conf. Agric. des Sols, Goma.

  • Edwards, D. C., 1951 — the vegetation in relation to soil and waterin Vegetation in East Africa, inBull. 41.Commonwealth Bureau of Pastures and Field Crops.

  • Engler, A., 1895 — Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas u. d. Nachbargebiete. Deutsch Ost-Afrika Boll., V. D. Reimer, Berlin, pp. 535.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1906 — Beitrage zur Kentnisse der Pflanzenformationem v. Transvaal u. Rhodesia.S. B. preuss. Akad. Wiss,52, 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engler, A. andDrude, O., 1910 — Die Vegetation der Erde: Die Pflanzenwelt Afrikas, 1 (i), (ii), (iii), Leipzig.

  • Engler, A. andDrude, O. 1915 — Die Vegetation der Erde: Die Pflanzenwelt Afrikas, 3 (i), Leipzig.

  • Findlay, J. D., 1950 — The effects of temperature, humidity, air movement and solar radiation on the behaviour and physiology of cattle and other farm animals. A review of existing knowledge.Bull. Hannah Dairy Inst. 9.

  • Fitzgerald, W., 1934 — Africa: a social economic and political geography of its major regions, (latest edition 1950). Methuen, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, 1948 — Breeding livestock adapted to unfavourable environments.F.A.O. Studies No. 1, Wash.

  • French, M. H., 1946 — Growth rates of hair on grade European and indigenous breeds of cattle.East Afr. Agric. Jour. 11.

  • Gilliland, H. B., 1947 — InS. Afric. Geogr. Jour. April 1947.

  • Gilliland, H. B., 1952 — The vegetation of eastern British Somaliland.Jour. Ecology,40.

  • Gillman, C. E., 1933 — Accelerated erosion as a consequence of human activity.Zeitschr. f. Geomorphologie: Bd.8.

  • Gillman, C. E., 1943 — A reconnaissance survey of the hydrology of Tanganyika Territory in its geographical setting.Water Consultants Report No. 6. (for 1940, pub. 1943).

  • —, 1949 — A vegetations-type map of Tanganyika Territory,Geogrphical Review,39 (1) Am. Geogr. Soc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, P. E., 1947 — British and Italian Somaliland. Trees, Shrubs and Herbs. Crown Agents, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, P. E., 1947 — This is an excellent ecological-land use account of Br. and It. Somaliland; thesis for D. Sc., Univ. Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

  • Glover, P. E., 1950 — Rainwater penetration in British Somaliland Soils.East African Agric. Jour.

  • Glover, P. E., 1950/51 — The rootsystems of some British Somaliland plants.E. A. Agric. Jour.

  • Greenway, P., 1933 — Vegetation of Mpwapwa.Jour. Ecology,21 (1).

  • Hardy, F., 1947 — The evaluation of Soil Moisture; reviewed byC. W. Thornthwaite inGeogr. Rev. 39 (3), 1949; see also African Soils II (1), 1952.

  • Henkel, J. S., 1931 — Types of vegetation in Southern Rhodesia,Proc. Rhodesian Sci. Assoc. 30.

  • Henrici, M., 1930/49 — Numerous papers and reports on physiological and other studies, Veld Reserve, Fauresmith, Orange Free State; inS. A. Jour. Sci., Bot. Survey Memoirs, etc.

  • Hornby, H. andH. Hornby, 1942 — A contribution to the vegetation of Mpwapwa.Tanganyika Notes and Records,15.

  • Humbert, H., 1920 — Le desséchement progressif en Afrique Occidentale.

  • Humbert, H., 1938 — Les aspects biologiques du problème des feux de brousse et la protection de la nature dans les zones intertropicales.Bull. Séances Ins. Roy. Col. Belge.

  • Jaeger, F., 1928 — Afrika. Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendrew, W. G., 1922 and later editions to 1937 — The climates of the continents, Oxford.

  • King, L., 1952 — Vegetation patterns revealing former Kalahari dune-sands in Southern Rhodesia.S. Afr. Jour. Sci.,11.

  • Klute, 1935 — Allgemeine Landerkunde von Afrika. Hanover.

  • Knox, A., 1911 — The climate of the continent of Africa. Cambridge.

  • Köppen, W. P. andR. Geiger, 1927 — Handbuch der Klimatclogie.B. 5; Teil 10; The climate of Rhodesia, Nyassaland and Mozambique Colony;C. L. Robertson andN. P. Sellick, Berlin.

  • Lavauden, L., 1927 — Les forêts du Sahara (re Sahara) Paper quotedStebbing 1937 (a).

  • Lavauden, L., 1934 — La forêt équatoriale Africaine: son passé, son présent, son avenir.

  • Lawrence, R. F., 1950 — Distribution of invertebrate Animals in South Africa.S. A. Jour. Sci. 48 (10).

  • le Danois ed., 1950 — Le rhythme des climats dans l'histoire de la terre et de l'humanité. Payot, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levyns, M. R., 1929 — Veld-burning Experiments at Ida's Valley, Stellenbosch.Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Af. Vol.XVII.

  • Levyns, M. R., 1935, a — Veld-burning Experiments at Oakdale, Riversdale.Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Af. XXIII.

  • Levyns, M. R., 1935, b — Germination of some South African Seeds, {jtJour. S. Af. Bot.}I.

  • Mackenzie, L. A., 1946 — Report on the Kalahari Expedition 1945, being a further investigation into the water resources of the Kalahari and their relationship to the climate of South Africa. Govt. Printer, Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marloth, R., 1908 — Das Kapland.Wiss. Ergebr. Vadivia;2. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matheson, M., 1938/40 — Several papers inS. A. Jour. Sci.

  • Meyer, H., 1909 — Das Deutsche Kolonialreich. Leipzig.

  • Milne, G., 1936 — Provisional Soil map of East Africa. Crown Agents, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milne, G., 1947 — A soil reconnaissance journey through parts of Tanganyika Territory, Dec. 1935/Feb. 1936.Jour. Ecology.

  • Monod, T., 1950 — Autour du Problème du Desséchement Africain.Bull. de l'I.F.A.N. XII, 514–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, T. A. M., 1930 — A contribution to our knowledge of bionomics ofGlossina morsitans: Bull. Ent. Res.,21.

  • Nash, T. A. M., 1933 — The Ecology ofGlossina morsitans Westw. and two possible methods for its destruction,idem 24.

  • Obst, E., 1915 — Das abflusslose Rumfschollenland in nordostlichen Deutsch-Ost-Afrika. Teil 1,Mitt. d. Geogr. Gesellschaft Hamburg,29.

  • Obst, E., 1923 — Das abflusslose Rumfschollenland in nordostlichen Deutsch-Ost-Afrika. Teil 2, idem 35.

  • Overseas Food Corporation (East African Groundnuts Scheme), 1947 — A plan for the mechanised production of Groundnuts in East and Central Africa. H.M.G. Command 7030.

  • Overseas Food Corporation (East African Groundnuts Scheme), 1951 — The future of the Overseas Food Corporation, H.M.G. Command 8125.

  • Overseas Food Corporation, 1949/1950/1951 — Report and Accounts. H. M. Stat. Office.

  • Paap, W., 1934 — Die Niederschlagverhaltnisse des Schutzgebietes Deutsch-Ost-Afrika. a.d.Archiv. d. Deutschen Seewarte,53, Nr. 3, Hamburg.

  • Passarge, S., 1904 — Die Kalahari, Berlin.

  • Phillips, J. F. V., 1930, a — Fire, its influences on biotic communities and physical factors in South and East Africa.S. Afr. Jour. Sci.

  • Phillips, J. F. V., 1930, b — Some important vegetation communities in Central Province of Tanganyika Territory (formerly German East Africa).Jour. Ecol. 18.

  • Phillips, J. F. V., 1931, a — South Africa's Wasting Heritage,S. Afri. Geogr. Jour. XIV.

  • Phillips, J. F. V., 1931, b — The biotic community.Jour. Ecol. 19.

  • Phillips, J. F. V., 1931, c — A sketch of the floral regions of Tanganyika.Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr.,19.

  • Phillips, J. F. V., 1931, d — Ecological investigation in South, Central and East Africa: outline of a progressive scheme.Jour. Ecol. 19.

  • Phillips, J. F. V., J. D. Scott andJ. Y. Moggridge, 1931 — Photochemical measurements of light intensity in two common vegetation types in tropical Africa by means of the improved Eder-Hecht photometer.Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin.

  • Phillips, J. F. V., 1935 — Fire: a good servant, a bad master and a national problem.Jour. of S. Afr. Botany.

  • Phillips, J. F. V., 1949, a — Note on the stimulation of ecological research in various fields of the natural sciences in relation to planned enterprises and natural equilibrium, with special reference to Africa.Proc. and Repts. Internat. Tech. Conf. on Protection of Nature, Lake Success, August.

  • Phillips, J. F. V., 1949, b — Some soil and conservation problems of Africa-wide significance.Afr. Reg. Sci. Conf. II.

  • Phillips, J. F. V., 1949, c — Research in plant ecology in Africa.Afr. Reg. Sci. Conf. II.

  • Phillips, J. F. V., 1950, ms — The nature, setting and agricultural possibilities of the Kongwa Region (ms. report submitted to Board of Overseas Food Corporation — East African Groundnuts Scheme — for consideration by the special Working Party studying the Kongwa Region) Note: A similar comprehensive report was prepared regarding the Southern Province region, (1950).

  • —, 1951 — Land survey in the East African Groundnuts Scheme.Nature,167, 879.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pole Evans, I. B. — Numerous references 1918 to 1948, particularly 1918 onward in Official Yearbooks of the Union of S. Africa (Plant Geography).

  • Pole Evans, I. B., 1920 — The Veld: its resources and dangers.S. A. Jour. Sci.

  • Pole Evans, I. B., 1931 — The vegetation of South Africa, inOfficial Yearbook No. 12.

  • Pole Evans, I. B., 1936 — A vegetation map of South Africa.Bot. Survey Memoir,15. Pretoria.

  • Pole Evans, I. B., 1918 to 1948 —Pole Evans did much to stimulate studies of soil conservation.

  • Pole Evans, I. B., 1948, a — Roadside observations on the vegetation of East and Central Africa.Bot. Surv. Mem. 22, Pretoria.

  • Pole Evans, I. B., 1948, b — An expedition to Ngamiland Dept. of Agr.,Bot. Survey Mem. No. 21, 75–203.

  • Reimerschmid, G., 1937/45 — Numerous reports and papers on measurement of radiation and on cooling-ball data, carried out for Dept. Public Health.

  • Reimerschmid, G., andJ. S. Elder, 1945 — The absorptivity for solar radiation of different coloured hairy coast of cattle.Onderstepoort Jour. Vet. Sci. & An. Husbandry,20.

  • Sanderson, Marie, 1949 — Review ofBernard's 1945 work inEcology 30 (2).

  • Shantz, H. L. andC. F. Marbut, 1923 — The vegetation and soils of Africa.Am. Geog. Soc. Res. Series 13.

  • Schmidt, H., 1928 — Der jahrliche Gang der Niederschlage in Afrika.Arch. d. Deuts. Seew., Hamburg.

  • Schonken, J. D., 1924 —S. Afr. Jour. Sci.

  • Schonken, J. D., 1925 —S. Afr. Jour. Sci.

  • Schumann, T. E. W. andW. R. Thompson, 1934 — A study of South African rainfall secular variations and agricultural aspects.Publ. Univ. Pretoria, Series 1, 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, E. H. L., 1920 — The Kalahari or Thirstland Redemption. Capetown.

  • Scott, J. D., 1934 — Ecology of certain plant communities of the Central Province, Tanganyika Territory.Jour. Ecology.

  • Scott, J. D., 1951 — Conservation of vegetation in South Africa, in Bull.41.Commonwealth Bureau of Pastures and Field Crops.

  • Smuts, General the Rt. Hon. J. C. — Numerous speeches, addresses and other utterances regarding climatic, ecological, conservation and related problems in Africa.

  • Smuts, 1948 — Verbal comment to the author.

  • Staples, R. R., 1933/38 — Various notes and short reports on water conservation in sub-arid Tanganyika Territory; percolation rate of rainfall; run-off and soil erosion tests; pasture and water conservation. InAnnual Reports, Vet. Dept., Tanganyika Territory.

  • Staples, R. R., 1936 — Vegetation types and water supplies.E. Afr. Agric. Jour., May.

  • Staples, R. R., 1949 — The water cycle as affected by land use.African Regional Sci. Conf.,II.

  • Staples, R. R. andC. A. Murray, 1951 — Farming systems in Southern Rhodesia.Rhodesia Agric. Jour. 48 (5).

  • Stebbing, E. P., 1935 — The encroaching Sahara.Geogr. Jour. 85: 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbing, E. P., 1937, a — The threat of the Sahara.Jour. Roy. African Soc.

  • —, 1937, b — The forests of West Africa and the Sahara. W. & R. Chambers, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbing, E. P., 1951 —in ”African Affairs”,Jour. Roy. Afric. Soc. 50 (p. 71).

  • Swynnerton, C. F. M., 1936 — The Tsetse Flies of East Africa,Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc.,84, London.

  • Tanganyika Territory Atlas, 1948 — Govt. Printer, Dar-es-Salaam.

  • Teale, E. O. andC. E. Gillman, 1935 — Report on the investigation of the proper control of water and the reorganisation of water boards in the Northern Provinces of Tanganyika Territory. Govt. Printer, Dar-es-Salaam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tidmarsh, C. E., 1948 — Conservation problems of the Karroo.Farming in S. Africa 33.

  • —, 1951, a — Veld Management Studies 1934–50. Report No. III: Grootfontein College Agric.,in roneo: Dept. Agriculture, Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tidmarsh, C. E., 1951, b — The deflection of soil and soil resources in relation to climatic changein Soils and Fertilisers.

  • Tidmarsh, C. E., 1952 — Grassland and Climate, (Paper read before African Grassland Congress, Pretoria, August 1952). (mentioned in correspondence by author).

  • Trapnell, C. G., 1943 — The soils, vegetation and agriculture of north-eastern Rhodesia. Govt. Printer, Lusaka.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1947 — Vegetation-soil map of Northern Rhodesia. Govt. Printer, Lusaka.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twining, Sir Edward, 1952, a — In an address to the Trusteeship Council of the United Nations — as reported in ”East Africa and Rhodesia”,28 (1447): p. 1333, July, 3.

  • Twining, Sir Edward, 1952, b — On Tanganyika Developments:E. Africa & Rhod. 28 (1449), at p. 1394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vageler, P., 1912 — Ugogo I: Die Vorbedingungen fur wirtschaftliche Erschliessung der Landschaft Ugogo in Deutsch-Ost-Afrika. Beihefte zum Tropenpflanze.

  • Van Der Merwe, C. R., 1946 — Soil Groups and Sub-Groups of South Africa.S. Afr. Dept. of Agric., Science Bulletin 231.

  • Van Rensburg, H. J., 1947 — The role of pasture development in soil conservation in Tanganyika Territory.E. Afr. Agric. Jour: 13 (1).

  • Van Rensburg, H. J., 1951 — Conservation of vegetation in Tanganyika Territoryin Bull.41,Commonwealth Bureau of Pastures & Field Crops.

  • Walter, H., 1937 — Die Periodizitat von Trocken und Regenjahren in Deutsch Sudwestafrika auf Crund von Jahresringmessungen an Baumen.Ber. Deutsch Bot. Ges. 54.

  • Wright, N. C., 1945 — Report on the development of cattle breeding and milk production in Ceylon. Colonial Office (Eastern No. 179).

Addendum to references

  • Acocks. J. P. H., 1953 — Veld Types of South Africa.Bot. Surv. S. Afr. memoir 28.

  • Burton, R. F., 1860 — The Lake Regions of Central Africa; 2 vols., London; ref. in vol. 1: 282.

  • Colonial Development Corporation: Reports & Accounts for 1952; idem 1953: H.M.S.O., London.

  • Joubert, J. M., 1954 — No. 4, Colonial plant and animal products; H.M.S.O., Lond.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mather, J. R., 1954 — The measurement of potential evapotranspiration (includesGarnier B.J. Measuring potential evaporation in Nigeria).

  • Union Internationale des Sciences Biologiques, 1951 — Les bases écologiques de la régénération de la végétation des zones arides. Stockholm, juillet 1950.

  • U.N.F.S.C.O. andResearch Council of Israel, 1953 — Desert research. Special publication No. 2 (symposium May 1952).

  • U.N.E.S.C.O. andEgyptian Desert Institute, 1954 — Proceedings of the symposium on scientific problems of land use in arid regions. Cairo, Dec. 1953.

  • Institute of Biology, London 1954 — Biology of deserts; proceedings of a symposium on the biology of hot and cold deserts. London, Sept. 1952.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Received for publication June 1953.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Phillips, J. Aspects of the ecology and productivity of some of the more arid regions of Southern and Eastern Africa. Plant Ecol 7, 38–68 (1956). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00578536

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00578536

Keywords

Navigation