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Rehabilitation of the chronically mentally ill in England

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Summary

1. Rehabilitation is defined as the process of restoring a handicapped person to a situation in which he can make the best use of his residual capacities within as normal as possible a social context. - 2. The legislation which allowed many of the recent advances to take place is described. - 3. Psychiatric illness can be thought of as producing two sorts of disability.Primary handicaps are the chronic symptoms of illness together with the accumulated loss of skills through disease.Secondary handicaps consist of unhealthy personal attitudes to illness together with unfavourable attitudes adopted towards the patient by relatives, employers and hospital staff. Rehabilitation schemes do not so much attempt to modify the chronic symptoms of psychosis as aim at decreasing or preventing secondary handicaps and at increasing the social acceptability of patients. - 4. In recent years progressively more hospitals have started industrial units, and various specialised rehabilitation units have been opened.- 5. Many studies have shown that money and rather crude psychological incentives fail to increase the output of schizophrenic patients under experimental conditions. Social incentives, however, when given in natural and less arbitrary conditions, do seem to work quite well. - 6. The beneficial effects of courses at Industrial Rehabilitation Units are described in detail. Problems of psychiatric entrants are shared with, and similar to, those of a large proportion of nonpsychiatric entrants. - 7. Discharged long-stay patients impose a considerable burden on the community, and when readmission does occur it tends to follow recrudescence of symptoms. The patient's ability to stay out of hospital is significantly related to the type of living group to which he is discharged. - 8. The problems of short-stay schizophrenic patients are not dissimilar in general (although they differ in detail) to those of long-stay patients. The tendency to develop secondary handicaps is still present, and rehabilitation techniques which have been developed for use in hospitals need to be adapted for use in the community as well.

Résumé

1. La réadaptation est définie comme processus de rétablissement d'une personne handicapée dans une situation lui permettant de faire le meilleur usage des capacités qui lui restent, dans un cadre aussi normal que possible. - 2. La loi qui a permis beaucoup de progrès récents est exposée. - 3. La maladie mentale peut être considérée comme provoquant deux sortes de handicaps.Handicaps primaires: ce sont les symptômes chroniques de maladie auxquels s'ajoute la perte d'habileté par maladie.Handicaps secondaires: ce sont les attitudes morbides à l'égard de la maladie, compliquées d'attitudes défavorables vis-à-vis du patient de la part de sa famille, des employeurs et du personnel de l'hôpital. Les plans de réadaptation n'ont pas tant pour but de modifier les symptômes chroniques de psychose que d'atténuer ou de faire disparaître les handicaps secondaires et d'améliorer la sociabilité des patients.- 4. Ces dernières années davantage d'hôpitaux ont ouvert des divisions de travail et divers ateliers spécialisés de réadaptation ont été créés. - 5. De nombreuses études ont montré que l'argent et des encouragements psychologiques un peu secs n'arrivent pas à augmenter le rendement de patients schizophréniques dans des conditions expérimentales. Par contre, les impulsions sociales dans des conditions de vie naturelles et moins arbitraires semblent avoir un très bon effet. - 6. Les effets bénéfiques des cours dans des ateliers de réadaptation sont décrits de manière détaillée. L'étude traite des problèmes psychiatriques des nouveaux arrivants et également ceux d'une large proportion d'admissions non psychiatriques. - 7. Les patients sortis d'hôpital après un long séjour sont une charge considérable pour la société et en cas de réadmission il y a tendance à une recrudescence des symptômes. La capacité du patient de vivre hors de l'hôpital est en rapport significatif avec le genre de vie du groupe auquel il est confié. - 8. Les problèmes des patients ayant fait un bref séjour en hôpital ne diffèrent pas de ceux des patients ayant fait un séjour de longue durée (bien qu'ils soient divers dans les détails). La tendance à développer des handicaps secondaires existe également et les techniques de réadaptation qui ont été élaborées pour l'usage en hôpital doivent être adaptées également pour la vie extra-hospitalière.

Zusammenfassung

1. Die Rehabilitation bezeichnet die Wiedereingliederung eines Behinderten in einen sozialen Zusammenhang, wo er den bestmöglichen Gebrauch seiner Restfähigkeiten machen kann. - 2. In dieser Arbeit werden die gesetzlichen Voraussetzungen beschrieben, welche die Fortschritte auf diesem Gebiet in England während der letzten Jahre ermöglichten. - 3. Psychiatrische Störungen können zu zwei Typen von Behinderungen führen. Alsprimäre Behinderung können die chronischen Krankheitssymptome gelten, und zwar zusammen mit den durch die Krankheit bedingten Einbußen an Arbeitsfähigkeit.Sekundäre Behinderungen bestehen in ungünstigen Verarbeitungen der Krankheit durch den betroffenen Menschen und in ungünstigen Einstellungen ihm gegenüber seitens der Verwandten, der Arbeitgeber oder des therapeutischen Personals im Krankenhaus. Rehabilitationsprogramme suchen nicht so sehr die chronisch psychotischen Symptome zu beeinflussen; sie wollen vielmehr die sekundären Behinderungen abbauen und damit die soziale Annehmbarkeit der Patienten erhöhen.- 4. Während der letzten Jahre wurden ständig zunehmend in Krankenhäusern industrielle Rehabilitationseinheiten mit weitgehend differenzierten Arbeitsmöglichkeiten eröffnet. - 5. Viele Untersuchungen ergaben, daß mit Geld und schlichten psychologischen Verfahren unter experimentellen Bedingungen keine entscheidende Erhöhung der Entlassungsraten schizophrener Kranker erreichbar ist. Wendet man hingegen soziotherapeutische Programme an, die natürlichen Lebensbedingungen besser angepaßt und weniger aufwendig sind, so scheinen gute Erfolge erreichbar. - 6. Die guten Effekte industrieller Rehabilitationseinheiten werden im Detail beschrieben. Die psychiatrischen Insassen solcher Einheiten zeigen im wesentlichen dieselben Probleme wie nicht-psychiatrisch Behinderte. - 7. Entlassene chronische Patienten bedeuten für die Gemeinschaft eine beträchtliche Belastung. Wenn Wiederaufnahmen ins Hospital nötig werden, kommt es zugleich zu einem erneuten Aufflackern der Symptome. Die Möglichkeit des Patienten, außerhalb des Krankenhauses Fuß zu fassen, hängt ganz von der Struktur der Lebensgemeinschaft ab, in welche er entlassen wurde. - 8. Die Probleme akuter schizophrener Patienten entsprechen (bei gewissen Unterschieden in Einzelheiten) denjenigen der chronisch Kranken. Die Neigung, sekundäre Behinderungen zu entwickeln, ist auch bei ihnen stets gegenwärtig. Rehabilitationstechniken, die für den Krankenhausgebrauch entwickelt wurden, müssen mit geeigneten Modifikationen auch auf die extramurale Arbeit übertragen werden.

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Goldberg, D. Rehabilitation of the chronically mentally ill in England. Soc Psychiatry 2, 1–13 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00577886

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