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Cultural and social factors in neuroses and psychosomatic illnesses

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Summary

Social and cultural factors pertaining to neuroses and psychosomatic illnesses were reviewed. An attempt was made to define terms and to suggest which of a large number of possibilities might be relevant variables in the mental health equation. Cultural, sub-cultural, and small and large group systems were selected. It was concluded, on the basis of present knowledge, that there is probably a significant amount of cultural invariance i.e., the same basic syndromes occur in widely different settings but are modified by them in form and course. Subcultural variables contribute more to variance than culture. Some forms of behavior disorders such as drug addiction, alcoholism, and the sociopathies are strongly influenced by the sub-cultural system. Small group systems, particularly the family, are major sources of variance in questions of both psychologic and somatic disease.

Prevention and treatment will benefit from a more comprehensive framework than we have had heretofore. An emerging general systems theory would seem to fit this need. It was suggested that today's professional role allocations for treatment and research of psychosomatic and psychoneurotic disorders are artificial and that new professional roles must be created if we are to achieve our ultimate goals.

Résumé

Les auteurs passent en revue les facteurs sociaux et culturels propres aux névroses et aux maladies psychosomatiques. Ils tentent de définir les termes et de déterminer quelles seraient, parmi un grand nombre de possibilités, les variables significatives de l'équation «santé mentale». Ils ont choisi les variables culturelles, sub-culturelles, ainsi que les petits et grands systèmes de groupe. Ils concluent, sur la base des connaissances actuelles, qu'il a y probablement une somme appréciable d'invariance culturelle, c'est-à-dire que les mêmes syndromes de base apparaissent dans des circonstances très différentes, mais sont modifiés par ces dernières dans leur forme et leur évolution. Les variables sub-culturelles contribuent davantage à la variance que les variables culturelles. Certaines formes de troubles du comportement, telles que la toxicomanie, l'alcoolisme et les sociopathies, sont fortement influencées par le système sub-culturel. Les petits systèmes de groupe, en particulier la famille, sont les sources principales de variance dans les questions de maladies tant psychologiques que somatiques. La prévention et le traitement ne pourront que bénéficier d'un cadre plus compréhensif que celui que nous avons eu jusqu'à maintenant. L'élaboration d'une théorie des systèmes généraux semblerait répondre à ce besoin. On a suggéré que les allocations actuelles du rôle professionnel pour le traitement et la recherche des troubles psychosomatiques et psychonévrotiques sont artificielles et que de nouveaux rôles professionnels doivent être créés si nous voulons atteindre nos buts finaux.

Zusammenfassung

Es wurde ein kritischer Überblick über soziale und kulturelle Faktoren gegeben, die mit Neurosen und psychosomatischen Krankheiten in Beziehung stehen. Es wurde versucht, Begriffe zu definieren und Vorschläge zu machen, welche von vielen Möglichkeiten relevante Variablen für den seelischen Gesundheitszustand sind. Kulturelle, subkulturelle, kleine und große Gruppensysteme wurden ausgewählt. Aufgrund des gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstandes kam man zu der Auffassung, daß es wahrscheinlich ein bedeutsames Ausmaß von kultureller Invarianz gibt, d. h. dieselben Grundsyndrome kommen in weitgehend voneinander verschiedenen Einrichtungen vor, werden aber von ihnen sowohl in ihrer Form wie in ihrem Verlauf modifiziert. Subkulturelle Variablen tragen mehr zu Veränderungen bei als die Gesamtkultur. Einige Arten von Verhaltensstörungen wie die Drogensucht, Alkoholismus und Soziopathien werden durch das subkulturelle System stark beeinflußt. Kleine Gruppensysteme, besonders die Familie, sind sowohl hinsichtlich psychischer wie somatischer Erkrankungen Hauptquellen für Veränderungen.

Prävention und Behandlung werden von einem theoretischen Gerüst profitieren, das umfassender ist, als wir es vordem hatten. Die Entwicklung eines allgemeinen theoretischen Systems erschiene diesem dringenden Bedarf angemessen. Es wurde angenommen, daß die heutigen beruflichen Rollenverteilungen für die Behandlung und die Erforschung von psychosomatischen und psychoneurotischen Störungen zu künstlich sind und daß neue berufliche Rollen geschaffen werden müssen, wenn wir unsere letzten Ziele erreichen sollen.

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Paper presented at the Seventh International Congress of Psychotherapy, Wiesbaden, Germany. August 22, 1967.

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Senay, E.C., Redlich, F.C. Cultural and social factors in neuroses and psychosomatic illnesses. Soc Psychiatry 3, 89–97 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00577833

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