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The Formation of the Mesoderm in Urodelean Amphibians

II. The origin of the dorso-ventral polarity of the mesoderm

  • Published: December 1969
  • Volume 163, pages 298–315, (1969)
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Wilhelm Roux' Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen Aims and scope Submit manuscript
The Formation of the Mesoderm in Urodelean Amphibians
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  • P. D. Nieuwkoop1 
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Summary

Experiments are described in which in early to late blastulae ofAmbystoma mexicanum (stages 7–8/9 Harrison) the animal, ectodermal “half” (zones I.II) was combined with the vegetative, endodermal yolk mass (zone IV) in various orientations, viz. in random orientation or with the dorso-ventral axes of the two components in identical, opposite or perpendicular orientation (0°, 180°, or 90° translocation respectively). The results demonstrate unequivocally that the dorso-ventral polarity of the induced mesoderm, and thus of the embryo, depends exclusively upon the inherent dorso-ventral polarity of the endoderm, whereas the grey crescent, a considerable part of which is located in the animal, ectodermal “half’, plays no causal role whatsoever.

The results also show that the dorso-ventral polarity is inherent in the entire endodermal mass, but that the subsequent regional differentiation of the endoderm depends upon stimulating influences emanating from the surrounding mesoderm, the later nutritive yolk representing that part of the endoderm which normally does not come under the influence of the mesoderm, and therefore fails to receive the necessary stimulus for further differentiation.

On the basis of these findings “Schultze's Umkehrexperiment” as studied byPenners andSchleip, Penners, andPasteels are reinterpreted, whileDalcq andPasteels' general developmental theory as well asCurtis' cortical grafting experiments are critically discussed.

Zusammenfassung

Es werden Experimente beschrieben, in denen in frühen bis späten Blastulae vonAmbystoma mexicanum (Stadien 7–8/9 Harrison) die animale, ektodermale „Hälfte“ (Zonen I.II) mit der vegetativen, entodermalen Dottermasse (Zone IV) kombiniert wurde, und zwar in verschiedener Orientierung, d. h. in willkürlicher Orientierung oder mit den Dorsoventralachsen der beiden Komponenten identisch, entgegengesetzt oder senkrecht zueinander orientiert (0°, bzw. 180° oder 90° transloziert). Die Ergebnisse zeigen eindeutig, daß die Dorsoventralpolarität des induzierten Mesoderms, und damit die des Embryos, ausschließlich von der inhärenten Dorsoventralpolarität des Entoderms bestimmt wird, während der graue Halbmond, der zu einem beträchtlichen Teil in der animalen, ektodermalen „Hälfte“ liegt, überhaupt keine kausale Rolle spielt.

Außerdem zeigen die Ergebnisse, daß die Dorsoventralpolarität der ganzen Entodermmasse inhärent ist, daß aber die spätere regionale Differenzierung des Entoderms von stimulierenden Einflüssen seitens des umgebenden Mesoderms abhängig ist; der spätere Nährdotter ist derjenige Teil des Entoderms der normalerweise außerhalb des Wirkungsbereiches des Mesoderms liegt, und infolgedessen den für seine weitere Differenzierung benötigten Reiz nicht erhält.

Angesichts dieser Befunde wird das Schultzesche „Umkehrexperiment“, welches vonPenners undSchleip, Penners, undPasteels näher untersucht worden ist, neu interpretiert, während die allgemeine Entwicklungstheorie vonDalcq u.Pasteels sowie die Cortextransplantationen vonCurtis kritisch diskutiert werden.

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  1. Hubrecht Laboratory, Utrecht, Holland

    P. D. Nieuwkoop

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Nieuwkoop, P.D. The Formation of the Mesoderm in Urodelean Amphibians. W. Roux' Archiv f. Entwicklungsmechanik 163, 298–315 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00577017

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  • Received: 07 May 1969

  • Issue Date: December 1969

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00577017

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Keywords

  • Perpendicular Orientation
  • Yolk Mass
  • Grafting Experiment
  • Urodelean Amphibian
  • Cortical Grafting
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