Abstract
Adh fn23 andAdh fn24 are two formaldehyde-induced, homozygous-viable, alcohol dehydrogenase-null mutants that bear lesions in the gene tht codes for the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; EC 1.1.1.1) ofDrosophila melanogaster. Adh fn23 contains a 34-base pair deletion in the C-terminal coding region of the alcohol dehydrogenase structural gene. By immunological and molecular analysis, we show that the deletion shifts the translation reading frame and results in a prematurely truncated polypeptide product (10 amino acids shorter than wild type) that cross-reacts with antibody raised against ADH. The steady-state level of alcohol dehydrogenase mRNA present in this mutant is close (97%) to that in the wild type, but the steady-state level of alcohol dehydrogenase-like protein is 50% lower. Moreover, the rate of alcohol dehydrogenase synthesis inAdh fn23 flies is reduced to 60% of that found in the wild type. Hence both the rate of synthesis and the rate of degradation of alcohol dehydrogenase are affected. In contrast,Adh fn24 which contains an 11-base pair deletion in the N-terminal coding region of the ADH gene, synthesizes no immunodetectable protein, and the amount of alcohol dehydrogenase mRNA is less than half that of wild-type flies. As withAdh fn23, the deletion inAdh fn24 results in a change in the reading frame. UnlikeAdh fn23, however, nucleic acid sequence data indicate that polypeptide chain elongation can proceed for a considerable distance (over 130 amino acids) beyond the deletion. Based upon antigenic binding-site predictions, the resultant aberrant protein (projected 195 amino acids in length) would share few antigenic sites with the alcohol dehydrogenase from the wild type, which may account for the lack of immunoprecipitable material in this mutant. The contrasting effects these two deletions have on theDrosophila ADH mRNA levels and ADH protein levels are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adesnik, M. Salditt, M., Thomas, W., and Darnell, J. E. (1972). Evidence that all messenger RNA molecules (except histone messenger RNA) contain poly (A) sequences and that the poly(A) has a nuclear function.J. Mol. Biol. 7121.
Auerbach, C. A., Moutschen-Dahmen, M., and Moutschen, J. (1977). Genetic and cytogenetical effects of formaldehyde and related compounds.Mutat. Res. 39317.
Benyajati, C., Wang, N., Reddy, A. R., Weinberg, E., and Sofer, W. (1980). Alcohol dehydrogenase inDrosophila: Isolation and characterization of messenger RNA and cDNA.Nucleic Acids Res. 85169.
Benyajati, C., Place, A. R., Powers, D. A., and Sofer, W. (1981). The alcohol dehydrogenase gene ofDrosophila melanogaster. Relation of intervening sequences to functional domains in the protein.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 782717.
Benyajati, C., Place, A. R., Wang, N., Pentz, E., and Sofer, W. (1982). Deletions at the splice sites in theAdh gene ofDrosophila.Nucleic Acids Res. 107261.
Benyajati, C., Place, A. R., and Sofer, W. (1983). Formaldehyde induced mutants inDrosophila: Analysis at the molecular level.Mutat. Res. 1111.
Bonner, W. M., and Stedman, J. D. (1978). Efficient fluorography of3H and14C on thin layers.Anal. Biochem. 89247.
Chanet, R., and von Borstel, R. C. (1979). Genetic effects of formaldehyde in yeast. III. Nuclear and cytoplasmic mutagenic effects.Mutat. Res. 62239.
Dottavio, M. D., and Ravel, J. M. (1978). Radiolabeling of proteins by reductive alkylation with [14C]-formaldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride.Anal. Biochem. 87562.
Firtel, R. A., and Lodish, H. F. (1973). A small nuclear precursor of messenger RNA in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.J. Mol. Biol. 79295.
Fishbein, J. C., Place, A. R., Ropson, I. J., Powers, D. A., and Sofer, W. (1980). Thin-layer peptide mapping: quantitative analysis and sequencing at the nanomole level.Anal. Biochem. 108193.
Garnier, J., Osguthorpe, D. J., and Robson, B. (1978). Analysis of the accuracy and implications of simple methods for predicting structure of globular proteins.J. Mol. Biol. 12097.
Goldberg, D. (1980). Isolation and partial characterization of theDrosophila alcohol dehydrogenase gene.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 775794.
Hollocher, H., and Place, A. R. (1987). Reexamination of alcohol dehydrogenase structural mutants in Drosophila using protein blotting.Genetics 16 253.
Humphries, K., Ley, T. J., Anagnou, N. P., Baur, A. W., and Nienhuis, A. W. (1984). Beta O-39 thalassemia gene: A premature termination codon causes beta-mRNA deficiency without affecting cytoplasmic beta-mRNA stability.Blood 6423.
Kessler, S. W. (1975). Rapid isolation of antigens from cells with a staphylococcal protein A-antibody adsorbent: Parameters of the interaction of antibody-antigen complexes with protein. A.J. Immunol. 1151617.
Kohli, J., and Grosjean, H. (1981). Usage of the three termination codons: Compilation and analysis of the known eukaryotic and prokaryotic translation termination sequences.Mol. Gen. Genet. 182430.
Kyte, J., and Dolittle, R. F. (1982). A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein.J. Mol. Biol. 157105.
Lindsley, D., and Grell, E. H. (1968). Genetic Variations ofDrosophila melanogaster, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 627.
Martin, P. F., Place, A. R., Pentz, E., and Sofer, W. (1985). UGA nonsense mutation in the alcohol dehydrogenase gene ofDrosophila melanogaster.J. Mol. Biol. 184221.
Moerman, D. G., and Baillie, D. L. (1981). Formaldehyde mutagenesis in the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans.Mutat. Res. 80273.
Nienhuis, A. W., Anagnou, N. P., and Ley, T. J. (1984). Advances in thalassemia research.Blood 63738.
Nishioka, H. (1973). Lethal and mutagenic action of formaldehyde in Hcr+ and Hcr− strains ofEscherichia coli.Mutat. Res. 17261.
O'Donnell, J., Gerace, L., Leister, F., and Sofer, W. (1975). Chemical selection of mutants that affect alcohol dehydrogenase inDrosophila. II. Use of 1-pentyne-3-ol.Genetics 7973.
O'Donnell, J., Mandel, H. C., Krauss, M., and Sofer, W. (1977). Genetic and cytogenetic analysis of the Adh region inDrosophila melanogaster.Genetics 86553.
Palmiter, R. D. (1974). Magnesium precipitation of ribonucleoprotein complexes. Expedient techniques for the isolation of undergraded polysomes and messenger ribonucleic acid.Biochemistry 133606.
Pelham, H. R. B., and Jackson, R. S. (1976). An efficient mRNA-dependent translation system from reticulocyte lysates.Eur. J. Biochem. 67247.
Pelliccia, J. G. (1980).Detection and Quantitation of Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Wild Type and Null Activity Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster Ph.D. thesis, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.
Pelliccia, J. G., and Sofer, W. (1982). Synthesis and degradation of alcohol dehydrogenase in wild-type and Adh-null activity mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster.Biochem. Genet. 20297.
Place, A. R., Benyajati, C., and Sofer, W. (1982). The molecular consequences of formaldehyde and ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis inDrosophila: Analysis of mutants in the alcohol dehydrogenase gene.In Elzinga, M. (ed.),Methods in Protein Sequence Analysis Humana Press, N.J.
Rapoport, I. A. (1946). Carbonyl compounds and the chemical mechanism of mutation.Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci USSR 5465.
Schimke, R. T. (1975). Properties and mechanisms of protein turnover.In Schimke, R. T., and Katunuma, N. (eds.),Intracellular Protein Turnover Academic Press, New York, p. 173.
Schwartz, M. F., and Jörnvall, H. (1976). Structural analyses of mutant and wild-type alcohol dehydrogenases fromDrosophila melanogaster.Eur. J. Biochem. 68159.
Spielman, H., Erickson, R. P., and Epstein, C. J. (1974). The production of antibodies against mammalian LDH-1.Anal. Biochem. 59462.
Swenberg, J. A., Kerns, W. D., Mitchell, R. I., Gralla, E. J., and Pavkov, K. L. (1980). Induction of squamous cell carcinomas of the rat nasal cavity by inhalation exposure to formaldehyde vapor.Cancer Res. 403398.
Takeshita, K., Forget, B. G., Scarpa, A., and Benz, E. J. (1984). Intranuclear defect in betaglobin mRNA accumulation due to a premature translation termination codon.Blood 6413.
Thatcher, D. R. (1980). The complete amino acid sequence of three alcohol dehydrogenase allelenzymes (Adhnll, AdhS and AdhuF) from the fruitflyDrosophila.Biochem. J. 187875.
Van Ness, J., Maxwell, I. H., and Hahn, W. E. (1979). Complex population of nonpolyadenylated messenger RNA in mouse brain.Cell 181341.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This research was supported by Grants GM 28791 and ES 02920 and Contract EY-S-02-2965 from the Department of Energy to W.S., a grant from the Charles and Johanna Busch Memorial Fund to W.S., and Grant PCM-8110819 from the NSF and Department of Navy contract N00014-86-K-0696 to A.R.P.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Place, A.R., Benyajati, C. & Sofer, W. Molecular consequences of two formaldehyde-induced mutations in the alcohol dehydrogenase gene ofDrosophila melanogaster . Biochem Genet 25, 621–638 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00556207
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00556207