Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Characterizing soils for hazardous waste site assessments

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper provides a review and justification of the minimum data needed to characterize soils for hazardous waste site assessments and to comply with the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). Scientists and managers within the regulatory agency and the liable party need to know what are the important soil characteristics needed to make decisions about risk assessment, what areas need remediation and what remediation options are available. If all parties involved in characterizing a hazardous waste site can agree on the required soils data set prior to starting a site investigation, data can be collected in a more efficient and less costly manner. Having the proper data will aid in reaching decisions on how to address concerns at, and close-out, hazardous waste sites.

This paper was prepared to address two specific concerns related to soil characterization for CERCLA remedial response. The first concern is the applicability of traditional soil classification methods to CERCLA soil characterization. The second is the identification of soil characterization data type required for CERCLA risk assessment and analysis of remedial alternatives. These concerns are related, in that the Data Quality Objective (DQO) process addresses both. The DQO process was developed in part to assist CERCLA decision-makers in identifying the data types, data quality, and data quantity required to support decisions that must be made during the remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) process. Data Quality Objectives for Remedial Response Activities: Development Process (US EPA, 1987a) is a guidebook on developing DQOs. This process as it relates to CERCLA soil characterization is discussed in the Data Quality Objective Section of this paper.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Society for Testing and Materials: 1985. Density of soil and soil aggregate in place by nuclear methods (shallow depth). ASTM, Philadelphia, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • ASTM: 1987a, American Society for Testing and Materials, Standard practice for oxidation-reduction potential of water. ASTM D1498-76. ASTM, Philadelphia, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • ASTM: 1987b, American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard Test Method for Determining a Sorption Constant (K oc) for an Organic Chemical in Soil and Sediments E1195-87. Annual Book ASTM Standards, Vol. 11.02, p. 731.

  • Amoozegar, A. and Warrick, A.W.: 1986, ‘Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Soils’, in: Klute, A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn. Monograph 9 (Part 1), American Society of Agronomy, Inc./Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, J. and Shapiro, A.M.: 1983, ‘Stochastic Analysis of One-Dimensional Steady-State Unsaturated Flow: A Comparison of Monte Carlo and Perturbation Methods’, Water Resources Research 19 (1), 121–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ash, S.G., Brown, R., and Everett, D.H.: 1973, ‘A High-precision Apparatus for the Determination of Adsorption at the Interface Between a Solid and a Solution’, J. Chem. Thermodynamics 5, 239–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barth, D.S., Mason, B.J., Starks, T.H., and Brown, K.W.: 1989, Soil Sampling Quality Assurance User's Guide, EPA 600/8-89/046, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, NV.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake, G.R.: 1965, ‘Bulk Density’, in: Black, C.A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Monograph 9, Part 1, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake, G.R. and Harge, K.H.: 1986, ‘Bulk density’, in: Klute, A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn. Monograph 9 (Part 1), American Society of Agronomy, Inc./Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonazountas, M. and Wagner, J.M.: 1984, A Seasonal Soil Compartment Model. Contract No. 68-01-6271, Draft Report from Arthur D. Little, Inc. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Toxic Substances, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady, Nyle C.: 1974, The Nature and Properties of Soils, Macmillan, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, R.H. and Corey, A.T.: 1964, ‘Hydraulic Properties of Porous Media’, Hydrology Paper No. 3, 27 pp. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D.S. and Allison, J.D.: 1987, MINTEQA1 Equilibrium Metal Speciation Model: A User's Manual. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K.W. and Associates: 1980, Hazardous waste land treatment. Draft edition. SW-874, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K.W., Breckenridge, R.P., Rope, R.C.: 1990, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Contaminant Monitoring, Operations Manual: Appendix J, Soil Sampling Reference Field Methods, EGG-EST-9222, EG&G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls, ID.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, R.R. and Luxmoore, R.J.: 1986, ‘Water Retention: Field Methods’, in: Klute, A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn., Monograph 9 (Part 1), American Society of Agronomy, Inc./Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, G.S.: 1985, Soil Physics with Basic, Elsevier, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carsel, R.F., Smith, C.N., Mulkey, L.A., Dean, J.D., and Jowise, P.: 1984, Users Manual for the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM): Release 1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J., Wollman, S., and Liu, J.: 1987, User's Guide to SESOIL. Execution in GEMS. GSC-TR8747. Prepared by General Sciences Corporation. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, I.: 1982, Practical Geostatistics, Applied Science, London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifton, P.M., Baca, R.G., Arnett, R.C.: 1985, ‘Stochastic Analysis of Groundwater Traveltimes for Long-Term Repository Performance Assessment’, in: Proceedings of the Materials Research Society Symposium-Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, Boston, MA.

  • Corey, A.T.: 1986, ‘Air Permeability’, in: Klute, A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn., Monograph 9 (Part 1), American Society of Agronomy, Inc./Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowherd, C., Mulseki, G.E., Englehart, P.J., and Gillette, D.A.: 1985, PB85-192219, Rapid Assessment of Exposure to Particulate Emissions from Surface Contamination Sites. Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, MO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielson, R.E. and Sutherland, P.L.: 1986, ‘Porosity’, in: Klute, A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn. Monograph 9 (Part 1), American Society of Agronomy, Inc./Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J.C.: 1986, Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology, 2nd edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, J.D., Huyakorn, P.S., Donigian, A.S., Voos, K.A., Schanz, R.W., and Carsel, R.F.: 1989, Risk of Unsaturated/Saturated Transport and Transformation of Chemical Concentrations (RUSTIC): Volume I. Theory and Code Verification. EPA/600/3-89/048a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dettinger, M.D. and Wilson, J.L.: 1981, ‘First Order Analysis of Uncertainty in Numerical Models of Groundwater Flow, Part 1, Mathematical Development’, Water Resources Research 16 (1), 149–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devaurs, M. and Springer, E.: 1988, ‘Representing Soil Moisture in Experimental Trench Cover Designs for Waste Burial with the CREAMS Model’, Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Material 5 (4), 295–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donigian, A.S., Jr. and Rao, P.S.C.: 1986, ‘Overview of Terrestrial Processes and Modeling, in: Hern, S.C. and Melancon, S.M. (eds.), Vadose Zone Modeling of Organic Pollutants, Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dragun, J.: 1988, The Fate of Hazardous Materials in Soil (What Every Geologist and Hydrogeologist Should Know), Part 1. HMC 1(2): 30–78.

  • Dragun, J.: 1988a, The Fate of Hazardous Materials in Soil (What Every Geologist and Hydrogeologist Should Know), Part 2. HMC 1(3): 40–65.

  • Dragun, J.: 1988b, The Fate of Hazardous Materials in Soil (What Every Geologist and Hydrogeologist Should Know), Part 3. HMC 1(5): 24–43.

  • Englund, E. and Sparks, A.: 1988, GEO-EAS (Geostatistical Environmental Assessment Software) User's Guide. EPA/600/4-88/033.

  • Eslinger, P.W. and Sagar, B.: 1988, EPASTAT: A Computer Model for Estimating Releases at the Accessible Environment Boundary of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Repository — Mathematical Model and Numerical Model, SD-BWI-TA-022, Rockwell Hanford Operations, Richland, WA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, F.L., Mazzarella, D.A., Lockhart, T.A., King, W.J., and White, J.H.: 1983, Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems. IV: Meteorological Measurements, EPA-600/4-82-060, Washington, DC.

  • Freeze, R.A. and Cherry, J.A.: 1979, Groundwater, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, W.H.: 1986, ‘Water Content’, in: Klute, A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn. Monograph 9 (Part 1), American Society of Agronomy, Inc./Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gee, G.W. and Bauder, J.W.: 1986, ‘Particle-size Analysis’, in: Klute, A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn. Monograph 9 (Part 1), American Society of Agronomy, Inc./Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, R.E., Ahuja, L.R., and Chong, S.K.: 1986, ‘Hydraulic Conductivity, Diffusivity, and Sorptivity of Unsaturated Soils: Field Methods’, in: Klute, A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn. Monograph 9 (Part 1), American Society of Agronomy, Inc./Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillel, D.: 1980, Application of Soil Physics, Academic Press, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillel, D.: 1980a, Fundamentals of Soil Physics, Academic Press, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillel, D., Krentos, V.D., and Stylianou, Y.: 1972, ‘Procedure and Test of an Internal Drainage Method for Measuring Soil Hydraulic Characteristics in situ’, Soil Science 114, 395–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hostetler, C.J., Erikson, R.L., and Ral, D.: 1988, The Fossil Fuel Combustion Waste Leaching (FOWL ™ ) Code: Version 1. User's Manual. EPRI EA-57420CCM. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Israelsen, C.E., Clyde, C.G., Fletcher, J.E., Israelsen, E.K., Haws, F.W., Packer, P.E., and Farmer, E.E.: 1980, Erosion Control During Highway Construction. Manual on Principles and Practices. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, R.A., Griest, W.H., Moody, R.L., Buchanan, M.V., Maskarinec, M.P., Dyer, F.F., and Ho, C.H.: 1988, Technology Assessment of Field Portable Instrumentation for Use at Rocky Mountain Arsenal, ORNL/TM-10542, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jury, W.A.: 1986, ‘Spatial Variability of Soil Properties’, in: Hern, S.C. and Melancon, S.M. (eds.), Vadose Zone Modeling of Organic Pollutants, Lewis, Chelsea, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kite, J.W.: 1979, Guideline for the Design, Installation, and Operation of a Meteorological System, Radian Corporation, Austin, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klute, A.: 1986, ‘Water Retention: Laboratory Methods, in: Klute, A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn. Monograph 9 (Part 1), American Society of Agronomy, Inc./Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, R.A. and Ferreira, V.A.: 1984, ‘CREAMS2 — The Nutrient and Pesticide Models’, Proceedings of the Natural Resources Modeling Symposium, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

  • Mills, W.B., Procella, D.B., Ungs, M.J., Gherini, S.A., Summers, K.V., Mok, L., Rupp, G.L., Bowie, G.L., and Haith, D.A.: 1985, EPA/600/6-85-002a, Water Quality Assessment: A Screening Procedure for Toxic and Conventional Pollutants in Surface and Ground Water, Part 1. Tetra Tech Inc., Lafayette, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, W.B., Dean, J.D., Porcella, D.B. et al.: 1982, Water Quality Assessment: A Screening Procedure for Toxic and Conventional Pollutants: parts 1, 2, and 3, Athens, GA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Research Laboratory. Office of Research and Development, EPA-600/6-82/004 a.b.c.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mualem, Y.: 1986, ‘Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils: Prediction and Formulas’, in: Klute, A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn. Monograph 9 (Part 1), American Society of Agronomy, Inc./Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neilson, D.R. and Bouma, J. (eds.): 1985, Soil Spatial Variability, Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, the Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nofziger, D.L., Rajender, K., Nayudu, S.K., and Su, P.Y.: 1989, CHEMFLOW: One-Dimensional Water and Chemical Movement in Unsaturated Soils. EPA/600/8-89/076. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nofziger, D.L. and Williams, J.R.: 1988, Interactive Simulation of the Fate of Hazardous Chemicals During Land Treatment of Oily Wastes: RITZ User's Guide. EPA/600/8-88/001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phene, C.J.: 1986, ‘Oxygen Electrode Measurement’, in: Klute, A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn. Monograph 9 (Part 1), American Society of Agronomy, Inc./Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, R.M., Bledsoe, B.E., Johnson, R.L., and Curtis, G.P.: 1989, ‘Interlaboratory Methods Comparison for the Total Organic Carbon Analysis of Aquifer Materials’, Environmental Science and Technology 23, 1246–1249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, R.M.: 1990, ‘Total Organic Carbon Determinations in Natural and Contaminated Aquifer Materials, Relevance and Measurement’, Proceedings of the Fourth National Outdoor Action Conference on Aquifer Restoration, Ground Water Monitoring and Geophysical Methods (National Water Well Association), May 14–17, 1990, Las Vegas, NV.

  • Reynolds, W.D. and Elrick, D.E.: 1985, ‘In situ Measurement of Field-Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, Sorptivity and the a-Parameter using the Guelph Permeameter’, Soil Science 140 (4), 292–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W.D. and Elrick, D.E.: 1986, ‘A Method for Simultaneous in situ Measurement in the Vadose zone of Field-Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, Sorptivity, and the Conductivity-Pressure Head Relationship’, Ground Water Monitoring Review 6 (1), 84–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades, J.D.: 1982, ‘Cation Exchange Capacity’, in: Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., and Keeney, D.R. (eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd edn., American Society of Agronomy Monograph 9 (Part 2), Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roco, M.C., Khadilkar, J., and Zhang, J.: 1989, ‘Probabilistic Approach for Transport of Contaminants Through Porous Media’, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9, 1431–1451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagar, B., Eslinger, P.W., and Baca, R.G.: 1986, ‘Probabilistic Modeling of Radionuclide Release at the Waste Package Subsystems Boundary of a Repository in Basalt’, Nuclear Technology 75, 338–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, P.R., Morgan, J.M., Walski, T.M., and Gibson, A.C.: 1984, Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) Model: Volume 1. User's Guide for Version 1. EPA/530-SW-84-009, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, P.R., Gibson, A.C., and Smolen, M.D.: 1984a, Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) Model: Volume II. Documentation for Version 1. EPA/530-SW-84-010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sims, R.C.: 1990, ‘Soil Remediation Techniques at Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites: A Critical Review’, Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 40 (5), 704–732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sims, J.L., Sims, R.C., and Matthews, J.E.: 1989, EPA/600/9-89/073, Bioremediation of Contaminated Surface Soils, US EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sims, R.C., Sorenson, D., Sims, J., McLean, J., Mahmood, R., Dupont, R., Jurinak, J., and Wagner, K.: 1986, Contaminated Surface Soils In-Place Treatment Techniques. Pollution Technology Review No. 132. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K.A.: 1983, ‘Gas Chromatographic Analysis of the Soil Atmosphere’, in: Smith, K.A. (ed.), Soil Analysis, Instrumental techniques and related procedures. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soil Conservation Service (SCS), USDA: 1951, Soil Survey manual. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18, p. 228, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soil Survey Staff: 1990, Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Soil Management Support Services. SMSS Technical Monograph #19, 4th edition. Virginia Polytechnic Institute, International Soils, Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Science, Blacksburg, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, D.K., Grenney, W.J., Yan, Z., and Sims, C.: 1989, Sensitive Parameter Evaluation for a Vadose Zone Fate and Transport Model. EPA/600.2-89/039. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stumm, W. and Morgan, J.J.: 1981, Aquatic Chemistry. 2nd edn. Wiley-Interscience, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. A. and Ashcroft, G.L.: 1972, Physical Edaphology. The Physics of Irrigated and Nonirrigated Soils, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S.A. and Jackson, R.D.: 1986, ‘Temperature’, in: Klute, A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn. Monograph 9 (Part 1), American Society of Agronomy, Inc./Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Towers, D.S., Dent, M.J., and Van Arnam, D.G.: 1988, ‘Evaluation of In Situ Technologies for VHOs Contaminated Soil’, in: Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Hazardous Wastes and Hazardous Materials. Sponsored by the Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute.

  • US EPA: 1985a, Practical Guide for Ground-water Sampling, EPA 600/2-85-104, Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK.

    Google Scholar 

  • US EPA: 1985b, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Volume 1, Stationary Point and Area Sources. Fourth Edition. Office of Research and Development. Research Triangle Park, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • US EPA: 1987a, Data Quality Objectives for Remedial Response Activities, EPA/540/G-87/003 (NTIS PB88-131370), Office of Emergency and Remedial Response and Office of Waste Programs Enforcement, Washington, DC, 20460.

    Google Scholar 

  • US EPA: 1987b, Compendium of Superfund Field Operating Methods, EPA-540 P-87:001. OSWER Directive 9355.0-14. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • US EPA: 1988a, Field Screening Methods for Hazardous Waste Site Investigations, Proceedings from the First International Symposium, October 11–13, 1988.

  • US EPA: 1988b, Field Screening Methods Catalog. User's Guide. EPA/540/2-88/005. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • US EPA: 1988c, Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Studies Under CERCLA: Interim Final. EPA/540/G-89/004. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • US EPA: 1988d, Superfund Exposure Assessment Manual. EPA-540-1-88-001. OSWER Directive 9285.5-1. Office of Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • US EPA: 1988e, Technology Screening Guide for Treatment of CERCLA Soils and Sludges. EPA/540/2-88/004; NTIS# PB89-132674. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • US EPA: 1988f, Cleanup of Releases from Petroleum USTs: Selected Technologies. EPA/530/UST-88/001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Underground Storage Tanks, Washington, DC 20640.

    Google Scholar 

  • US EPA: 1989a, Seminar of Site Characterization for Subsurface Remediations. CERI-89-224. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC 20460.

    Google Scholar 

  • US EPA: 1989b, Bioremediation of Hazardous Waste Site Workshop: Speaker Slide Copies and Supporting Information. CERI-89-11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC 20460.

    Google Scholar 

  • US EPA: 1990, Handbook on In Situ Treatment of Hazardous Waste-Contaminated Soils. EPA/540/2-90/002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Heijde, P.K.M., El-Kadi, A.I., and Williams, S.A.: 1988, Ground Water Modeling: An Overview and Status Report. EPA/600/2-89/028.

  • van der Heijde, P.K.M., Elderhorst, W.I.M., Miller, R.A., and Trehan, M.J.: 1989, The Establishment of a Groundwater Research Data Center for Validation of Subsurface Flow and Transport Models. EPA/600/2-89/040, July 1989.

  • van Genuchten, M.Th. (in press). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Indirect Methods for Estimating the Hydraulic Properties of Unsaturated Soils, Riverside, CA, October 11–13, 1989. University of CA-Riverside and U.S. Department of Agriculture.

  • van Genuchten, M.Th.: 1980, ‘A Closed-form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils’, Soil Sci. SOc. Am. J. 44, 892–898.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Genuchten, M. and Wierenga, P.J.: 1986, Solute dispersion coefficients and retardation factors, in: Klute, A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn. Monograph 9 (Part 1), American Society of Agronomy, Inc./Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, K.K.: 1986, ‘An Instantaneous Profile Method for Determining the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Porous Media’, Water Resources Research 2, 709–715.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, J., Enfield, C.G., Yates S., Kreamer, D., and White, D.: 1989, Predicting Subsurface Contaminant Transport and Transformation: Considerations for Model Selection and Field Validation. EPA/600/2-89/045, August 1989.

  • Whittig, L.D. and Allardice, W.R.: 1986, ‘X-Ray Diffraction Techniques’, in: Klute, A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn. Monograph 9 (Part 1), American Society of Agronomy, Inc./Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.R.: 1975, Sediment-yield prediction with the universal equation using runoff energy factor, in: Present and prospective technology for predicting sediment yields and sources. ARS-S-40. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

  • Yates, S.R. and Yates, M.V.: 1990, Geostatistics for Waste Management: A User's Guide for the GEOPACK (Version 1.0) Geostatistical Software System. EPA/600/8-90/004, January 1990.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Science and Technology Group, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, 83415-2213, Idaho Falls, ID, USA

    R. P. Breckenridge & J. F. Keck

  2. U.S. EPA/R.S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, 74820, Ada, OK, USA

    J. R. Williams

Authors
  1. R. P. Breckenridge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. F. Keck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. R. Williams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Breckenridge, R.P., Keck, J.F. & Williams, J.R. Characterizing soils for hazardous waste site assessments. Environ Monit Assess 30, 113–138 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00545618

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00545618

Keywords

Search

Navigation